Human Reproduction, Vol. 17, No. 12, 3065-3071,
December 2002
© 2002 European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology
Serum anti-Müllerian hormone levels: a novel measure of ovarian reserve
1 Department of Reproductive Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, 2 Department of Internal Medicine and 3 Center of Reproductive Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
BACKGROUND: Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is produced by the granulosa cells of preantral and small antral follicles and its levels can be assessed in serum. Since the number of ovarian follicles declines with increasing age, AMH levels might be used as a marker for ovarian ageing. Therefore, we studied the relationship between AMH levels and ovarian response during ovarian stimulation for IVF. METHODS: A total of 130 patients undergoing their first IVF treatment cycle using a long protocol with GnRH agonist was prospectively included. Blood withdrawal was performed and the number of antral follicles was assessed by ultrasound on day 3 of a spontaneous cycle. Poor response and the number of oocytes were used as primary outcome measures. In a random subset of 23 patients a GnRH agonist stimulation test was performed to investigate whether a rise in FSH and LH would affect AMH levels. RESULTS: The data of 119 patients were analysed. Serum AMH levels were highly correlated with the number of antral follicles (r = 0.77; P < 0.01) and the number of oocytes retrieved (r = 0.57, P < 0.01). A negative association was found between AMH levels and poor ovarian response (fewer than 4 oocytes or cycle cancellation; OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.75–0.90, P < 0.01). Inclusion of inhibin B and FSH concentrations to AMH in a multivariate model improved the prediction of ovarian response. The post GnRH agonist rise in FSH and LH levels did not influence AMH values. CONCLUSIONS: Poor response in IVF, indicative of a diminished ovarian reserve, is associated with reduced baseline serum AMH concentrations. In line with recent observations it appears that AMH can be used as a marker for ovarian ageing.
Key words: anti-Müllerian hormone/antral follicle count/IVF/ovarian reserve/poor response
4 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: i.vanrooij{at}azu.nl
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F. I. Sharara and R. T. Scott Assessment of ovarian reserve. Is there still a role for ovarian biopsy?: First do no harm! Hum. Reprod., March 1, 2004; 19(3): 470 - 471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Weenen, J. S.E. Laven, A. R.M. von Bergh, M. Cranfield, N. P. Groome, J. A. Visser, P. Kramer, B. C.J.M. Fauser, and A. P.N. Themmen Anti-Mullerian hormone expression pattern in the human ovary: potential implications for initial and cyclic follicle recruitment Mol. Hum. Reprod., February 1, 2004; 10(2): 77 - 83. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. S. E. Laven, A. G. M. G. J. Mulders, J. A. Visser, A. P. Themmen, F. H. de Jong, and B. C. J. M. Fauser Anti-Mullerian Hormone Serum Concentrations in Normoovulatory and Anovulatory Women of Reproductive Age J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2004; 89(1): 318 - 323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Pigny, E. Merlen, Y. Robert, C. Cortet-Rudelli, C. Decanter, S. Jonard, and D. Dewailly Elevated Serum Level of Anti-Mullerian Hormone in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Relationship to the Ovarian Follicle Excess and to the Follicular Arrest J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2003; 88(12): 5957 - 5962. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L.E. Bath, W.H.B. Wallace, M.P. Shaw, C. Fitzpatrick, and R.A. Anderson Depletion of ovarian reserve in young women after treatment for cancer in childhood: detection by anti-Mullerian hormone, inhibin B and ovarian ultrasound Hum. Reprod., November 1, 2003; 18(11): 2368 - 2374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. H. Y. Ng, W. S. B. Yeung, D. Y. T. Fong, and P. C. Ho Effects of age on hormonal and ultrasound markers of ovarian reserve in Chinese women with proven fertility Hum. Reprod., October 1, 2003; 18(10): 2169 - 2174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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