Hum. Reprod. Advance Access originally published online on September 23, 2004
Human Reproduction 2004 19(11):2633-2643; doi:10.1093/humrep/deh450
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Human chorionic gonadotropin and growth factors at the embryonic–endometrial interface control leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) secretion by human endometrial epithelium
1 Center of Immunology and 3 Laboratory of Tumour and Developmental Biology, Institute of Pathology CHU-B23 and 2 Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege-Sart Tilman, Belgium and 4 Bichat Hospital, Center of Reproductive Medicine, F-75006 Paris, France
5 To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Center of Immunology, Institute of Pathology CHU-B23, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege-Sart Tilman, Belgium. Email: sperrier{at}ulg.ac.be
BACKGROUND: The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms by which the embryo contributes to its implantation is an area of extensive research. The main objective of this study was to investigate the pattern of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion by human endometrial epithelium, and their regulation by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and other growth factors present at the embryonic–endometrial interface. METHODS: Endometrial epithelial cells (EEC) were isolated from biopsies collected at both proliferative and secretory phases of fertile women. RESULTS: HCG (1–50 IU/ml) increased LIF secretion by EEC cultures derived from follicular phase (up to 285±75%) or from secretory phase (up to 212±16%). In contrast, hCG reduced IL-6 secretion by EEC in both phases. The hCG/LH receptor gene was transcribed by EEC as evidenced by RT–PCR. Insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 increased LIF secretion by EEC. Transforming growth factor 
1 stimulated LIF and reduced IL-6 secretion. CONCLUSIONS: Through hCG, the blastocyst may be involved in the control of its implantation (via an increase of proimplantatory LIF) and tolerance (via an inhibition of proinflammatory IL-6). Other growth factors present at the embryonic–endometrial interface are also involved in the control of LIF and IL-6 endometrial secretion.
Key words: endometrium/human chorionic gonadotropin/insulin-like growth factors/interleukin 6/leukemia inhibitory factor/transforming growth factor beta
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