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Hum. Reprod. Advance Access originally published online on May 26, 2005
Human Reproduction 2005 20(9):2559-2566; doi:10.1093/humrep/dei110
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions{at}oupjournals.org

Lower sperm counts following prenatal tobacco exposure

M.S. Jensen1, L.M. Mabeck, G. Toft, A.M. Thulstrup and J.P. Bonde

Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Sygehus, Norrebrogade 44, build. 2 C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: mojen{at}as.aaa.dk

BACKGROUND: Recent findings have indicated that prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke may cause lower sperm concentration in ejaculates of adult men. To extend the research on this hypothesis we investigated the dose-dependency of the association, controlling for other prenatal exposures. METHODS: From 1987 to 1996, four separate occupational semen studies were conducted at three centres in Denmark. A total of 945 men provided semen and blood samples, and information on reproductive and lifestyle factors. In 2004, we collected data on the maternal smoking habits during pregnancy from 522 mothers of the participating men. RESULTS: Adjusting for study subgroup, abstinence time and other factors, we found statistically non-significant differences in mean sperm concentrations: 65.0x106/ml [95% confidence interval (CI) 51, 81] among sons of non-smokers; 59.1x106/ml (95% CI 46, 75) among sons of mothers who had smoked 1–10 cigarettes/day; and 57.7x106/ml (95% CI 40, 81) among those whose mothers had smoked >10 cigarettes/day. The former group had a higher odds ratio (OR) for oligozoospermia (sperm concentration ≤20x106/ml) of 1.5 (95% CI 0.9, 2.8), the latter group an OR of 2.6 (95% CI 1.2, 5.8). CONCLUSION: We observed a dose-dependent association between prenatal tobacco exposure, lower sperm concentration and higher risk of oligozoospermia.

Key words: pregnancy/prenatal exposure delayed effects/semen quality/smoking/sperm concentration


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