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Hum. Reprod. Advance Access originally published online on June 14, 2006
Human Reproduction 2006 21(10):2612-2616; doi:10.1093/humrep/del208
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Risk factors for IUD failure: results of a large multicentre case–control study

Patrick Thonneau1,6, Thierry Almont1, Elise de La Rochebrochard2,3,4 and Bernard Maria5

1 Human Fertility Research Group, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paule de Viguier Hospital, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 2 INSERM, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U569 ‘Epidemiology, Demography and Social Sciences’, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 3 INED, National Institute for Demographic Studies 4 University Paris-Sud 11, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, and 5 Gynaecology Unit, Villeneuve Saint Georges Hospital, Paris, France

6 To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Paule de Viguier Hospital, 330 Avenue de Grande Bretagne, TSA 70034, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France. E-mail: thonneau.p{at}chu-toulouse.fr

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to identify the risk factors for intrauterine device (IUD) failure. METHODS: A retrospective case–control study was carried out between 1999 and 2002. Cases (women with an IUD and a confirmed pregnancy) and controls (women with an IUD and who were not pregnant) were recruited by gynaecologists. An anonymous questionnaire was filled in during the consultation, with specific items regarding any type of drugs used before the predicted fertile period for cases and within the cycle that ended in menses for controls. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixteen cases were compared with 657 controls. Age was associated with IUD failure, with a significantly lower failure risk in women >35 years. A significant relationship was observed between a history of IUD expulsion and IUD failure risk (age-adjusted odds ratio 3.31, 95% CI 1.40–7.81). No relationship was observed between the risk of IUD failure and gynaecological background (fibroma, polyps and miscarriage), nor with any type of medicine taken by the woman. CONCLUSION: This study is clearly reassuring, as we found that anti-inflammatory drugs and any other medicines taken by the woman were not implicated in IUD failure. Only a history of previous IUD expulsion was found to be a risk factor for failure, indicating that these women should have regular medical and echographical follow-up. Comparing the efficacy rate of various types of IUDs, we found a clear advantage for levonorgestrel-releasing devices.

Key words: family planning/intrauterine device/intrauterine failure/reproductive health/risk factors


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