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Hum. Reprod. Advance Access originally published online on August 12, 2006
Human Reproduction 2006 21(12):3036-3043; doi:10.1093/humrep/del305
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Investigation and treatment of repeated implantation failure following IVF-ET

E.J. Margalioth1, A. Ben-Chetrit, M. Gal and T. Eldar-Geva

IVF Unit, Shaare-Zedek Medical Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Jerusalem, Israel

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed at: IVF Unit, Shaare-Zedek Medical Center, PO Box 3235, Jerusalem 91031, Israel. E-mail: ehudmd{at}hotmail.com

Pregnancy rate following one cycle of IVF and ET can be as high as 60%. But even in the very successful units, some couples fail repeatedly. The causes for repeated implantation failure (RIF) may be because of reduced endometrial receptivity, embryonic defects or multifactorial causes. Various uterine pathologies, such as thin endometrium, altered expression of adhesive molecules and immunological factors, may decrease endometrial receptivity, whereas genetic abnormalities of the male or female, sperm defects, embryonic aneuploidy or zona hardening are among the embryonic reasons for failure of implantation. Endometriosis and hydrosalpinges may adversely influence both. In this mini review, we discuss the suggested methods for evaluation and treatment of RIF: repeated hysteroscopy, myomectomy, endometrial stimulation, immunotherapy, preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), assisted hatching, zygote intra-Fallopian transfer (ZIFT), co-culture, blastocyst transfer, cytoplasmic transfer, tailoring stimulation protocols and salpingectomy for hydrosalpinges.

Key words: implantation/IVF failure/IVF treatment/repeated failure


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