Human Reproduction, Vol. 17, No. 10, 2535-2539,
October 2002
© 2002 European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology
Serum inhibins, estradiol, progesterone and FSH in surgical menopause: a demonstration of ovarian pituitary feedback loop in women
1 Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Haroldwood Hospital, Essex RM3 0BE and 3 School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford, UK
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementsReferences |
|---|
BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to confirm the source and study the acute changes and relationship between inhibins and FSH at surgical menopause. METHODS: Regularly cycling women (42–47 years; n = 10) undergoing bilateral oophorectomy for non-ovarian pathology were recruited for this study. One blood sample was taken before surgery and after removal of the ovaries, samples were taken every 15 min up to 1 h, hourly up to 6 h, after 12 h and daily during the hospital admission (3 days). RESULTS: There were five women in the follicular phase and five women in the luteal phase of the cycle. For women in both phases, levels of inhibin A, inhibin B, estradiol (E2) and progesterone decreased after the removal of the ovaries. Serum FSH levels started to rise after 12 h in both follicular and luteal phase women after the surgical menopause. Correlation analysis showed that inhibin A and E2 were significantly negatively correlated in both phases with FSH concentration. Inhibin B had a negative correlation in the follicular phase and progesterone had a negative correlation in the luteal phase. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that ovarian inhibin A and B were cleared from the circulation within 12 h of oophorectomy, whereas E2 and progesterone remain in the circulation for longer. Negative correlation between FSH, inhibin A and inhibin B suggests that inhibins may contribute to the observed early rise in FSH after the surgical menopause.
Key words: FSH/inhibin/menopause/estradiol/progesterone
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementsReferences |
|---|
Dimeric inhibins and activins were initially characterized as gonadal glycoprotein hormones regulating pituitary FSH secretion. In addition to the ovary there are reports confirming extragonadal sources (e.g. adrenal, bone marrow, placenta, embryonic tissue, pituitary) of inhibin/activin subunits and follistatin mRNA expression (Meunier et al., 1988
). In reproductive ageing, circulating concentrations of inhibin A and B decrease with increasing age and disappear after menopause in women. This is evidence that the ovary produces inhibins. Previous studies have shown that, after bilateral oophorectomy, in cycling women levels of FSH rise earlier than LH, suggesting that FSH is more sensitive to ovarian feedback (Barlow et al., 1981). Metabolic clearance studies show that secretion rates of FSH and LH are higher during the follicular phase than during the luteal phase of a cycle (Kohler et al., 1968; Coble et al., 1969). Yen and Tsai reported that immediately after the surgical removal of the ovaries, FSH and LH concentrations rose rapidly in the follicular phase whereas in the luteal phase concentrations rose slowly (Yen and Tsai, 1971). The net increase in serum FSH was higher than that in serum LH after surgery in both phases of the cycle (Yen and Tsai, 1971). In reproductive ageing, there is no clear relationship between increasing FSH and circulating E2 until the menopause. In this study we investigate the endocrine mechanism involved in the rapid rise in FSH at the menopause induced by surgery. The gradual decline in circulating inhibins in the years preceding the menopause, their absence in post-menopausal women and the reduction of inhibin A and B that is significant after bilateral oophorectomy are indications that ovaries are the predominant source of circulating inhibins in pre-menopausal women (Burger et al., 1998; Cobellis et al., 2002). The objectives of this study were: (i) to confirm the source of inhibin A and B in cycling women and their disappearance after the removal of the source; and (ii) to study the endocrine feedback relationship between FSH, inhibins, E2 and progesterone at surgical menopause.
|
Materials and methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementsReferences |
|---|
Study design
Regularly cycling women between the ages of 42 and 47 years (n = 5, follicular phase; n = 5, luteal phase) with day 1–5 FSH levels <10 mIU/ml were recruited for the study. All women had oophorectomy for non-ovarian pathology and were not on any hormonal therapy prior to surgery. One blood sample was taken before the removal of the ovaries. At surgery the time interval between the removal of one ovary and the removal of the second was
5 min. The index time for ‘time zero’ was the removal of the second ovary. Samples were then taken every 15 min from time zero up to 1 h, hourly up to 6 h, after 12 h and daily during their hospital stay (4 days). On day 3, some women were started on hormone replacement therapy (n = 4). Therefore the time-dependent changes in hormones were studied until 3 days after surgery. The Barking and Havering Health Authority Research Ethics Committee approved the protocol and written consent was obtained from subjects before enrolling for the study. Serum was separated and stored at –20°C for hormone measurements.
Hormone measurements
Inhibin A
Serum concentrations of dimeric inhibin A were measured in duplicate 50 µl aliquots as described elsewhere (Muttukrishna et al., 1994). The mean intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CV) were 4.3 and 5.1% respectively. Minimum detection limit of the assay for human recombinant inhibin A (National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Herts, UK) was 2 pg/ml.
Inhibin B
Serum concentrations of dimeric inhibin B were measured in 50 µl duplicates using an enzyme immunoassay as described elsewhere (Muttukrishna et al., 2000). An in-house standard preparation (partially purified human follicular fluid) was standardized against human recombinant inhibin B (Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA) and was used as the assay standard. Minimum detection limit of the assay for human recombinant inhibin B was 15 pg/ml. The mean intra- and inter-assay CV were 6.2 and 7.2% respectively.
Gonadotrophins and steroids
Serum concentrations of FSH and LH were measured using Immulite chemiluminescent assay kits (DPC, Glyn Rhonwy, Llanberis, Gwynedd, UK). The detection ranges of FSH and LH were 0.1–170 and 0.7–400 mIU/ml respectively. Progesterone was measured by an in-house radioimmunoassay (following ether extraction and using tritium-labelled tracers) as previously described (Darne et al., 1989). The minimum detection limit of the progesterone assay was 0.1 nmol/l.
Estradiol was measured by a double antibody 125 I sequential radioimmunoassay (DPC). The minimum detection limit of the assay was 4.8 pmol/l (0.0048 nmol/l). The mean intra- and inter- assay CV were <10% for all four assays.
Statistical analysis
Data were log-transformed to obtain a normal distribution. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to investigate the significance of the time-dependent changes in the parameters studied. Pearson’s correlation analysis was carried out to study the relationship between the hormones analysed, using SPSS statistical package (SPSS Inc., USA).
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementsReferences |
|---|
Five of the cycling women were in the follicular phase and five were in the luteal phase. All women had 24–34 day regular cycles with day 1–5 FSH <10 mIU/ml.
Follicular phase
Mean inhibin A and inhibin B levels were 11 ± 4 and 173.5 ± 46 pg/ml respectively in the early follicular phase. Inhibin A and inhibin B levels decreased rapidly and were below the limit of detection after 12 h [inhibin A <2 pg/ml (P < 0.05) and inhibin B 15 pg/ml; ANOVA: P < 0.01] of bilateral oophorectomy in women who had surgery in their early follicular phase (day 3–8; Figure 1a). Mean serum E2 level was 0.171 ± 0.06 nmol/l in the patients. Estradiol levels fell rapidly within the first 6 h of surgery and then levels were stable after 6 h (0.028–0.042 nmol/l) until the end of the study period (Figure 1b). Mean progesterone level was 3.76 ± 0.84 nmol/l in the early follicular phase patients. Serum progesterone levels were not significantly altered for the first 6 h and then levels decreased until the end of the study (0.48 ± 0.1 nmol/l) (P < 0.001; Figure 1b).
|
Mean serum FSH was 6.3 ± 1.6mIU/ml; the levels did not significantly change until 6 h post surgery, after which there was a 2-fold rise between 12 and 24 h followed by a progressive rise throughout the 3 day study period. By the end of the study, mean FSH had risen by
5 fold (P < 0.01, Figures 1c and 3a
). There was a trend of rising LH levels after 24 h of surgery (Figures 1c and 3b) that was not significant.
|
Luteal phase
Mean inhibin A levels were 28.3 ± 7 pg/ml and the mean inhibin B levels were just above the detection limit (18.5 ± 5 pg/ml) in the luteal phase patients (day 16–23). Inhibin A levels fell rapidly within the first 2 h and the levels were below the limit of detection after 12 h (P < 0.001). Inhibin B levels fell below the limit of detection (15 pg/ml) within 30 min of bilateral oophorectomy in women who had their surgery in their luteal phase (Figure 2a
). The mean serum E2 and progesterone levels were 0.23 ± 0.06 and 26 ± 4 nmol/l respectively. Estradiol and progesterone levels fell rapidly within the first hour and continued to fall throughout the study period (P < 0.001; Figure 2b).
|
Mean serum FSH was 2.56 ± 0.24 mIU/ml. There was a rise in FSH levels after 6 h and then the levels were similar between 12 and 24 h. Again there was a steady rise after 24 h until 3 days after surgery (
5-fold; P < 0.001, Figures 2c and 3a). There was a trend of rising LH levels after 24 h of surgical menopause; the changes in LH concentration were not significantly altered (Figures 2c and 3b).
Relationship between hormones
Follicular phase
Correlation analysis shows that serum inhibin A concentrations were positively correlated with inhibin B (r = 0.48, P < 0.001) and progesterone (r = 0.52; P < 0.001), and negatively correlated with FSH (r = –0.319, P < 0.05). Inhibin B was positively correlated with E2 (r = 0.663, P < 0.001) and progesterone (r = 0.66, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with FSH (r = –0.427, P < 0.01). Estradiol was positively correlated with progesterone (r = 0.41, P = 0.001) and negatively correlated with FSH (r = –0.53, P < 0.01). Serum progesterone was negatively correlated with FSH (r = –0.626, P < 0.001) and FSH was positively correlated with LH (r = 0.64, P < 0.001).
Luteal phase
Correlation analysis shows that serum inhibin A was positively correlated with E2 (r = 0.585; P < 0.001) and progesterone (r = 0.871, P < 0.001), and negatively correlated with FSH (r = –0.8, P < 0.001) and LH (r = –0.5, P < 0.001). Estradiol was positively correlated with progesterone (r = 0.716, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with FSH (r = –0.593, P < 0.001). Serum progesterone was negatively correlated with FSH (r = –0.791, P < 0.001) and FSH was positively correlated with LH (r = 0.73, P < 0.001).
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementsReferences |
|---|
Several studies have investigated the changes in inhibin A, inhibin B and FSH and have shown that inhibin B is a marker of ovarian follicular reserve and that both inhibins decrease in reproductive ageing (Klein et al., 1996
; Burger et al., 1998; Danforth et al., 1998; Santoro et al., 1999; Seifer et al., 1999). These studies provide evidence that the ovaries produce inhibins.
This is the first study to investigate the dynamic changes in inhibin A and inhibin B after surgical menopause. These data show that inhibin A and B are cleared from circulation within 12 h of bilateral oophorectomy, confirming the ovary as the predominant source for these circulatory proteins in normal cycling women. However, the presence of inhibin/activin subunit proteins in extragonadal tissue has been reported previously (Meunier et al., 1988), suggesting that extragonadal inhibins may act locally without making a significant contribution to the systemic circulation. It is clear that soon after the removal of the ovary, inhibin A and inhibin B rapidly decrease in the circulation. Data show that the time taken to reach half-maximal concentration in the circulation (maximal concentration = the concentration before surgery) after surgical castration for inhibin A, inhibin B and E2 in the follicular phase was 60, 45 and 60 min respectively, whereas in the luteal phase, half-maximal concentrations in the circulation were achieved for inhibin A, E2 and progesterone after 60, 30 and 15 min respectively post castration, suggesting that E2 and progesterone were cleared faster in the luteal phase.
We speculate that after the removal of the ovaries and the fall in inhibins, E2 and progesterone increases the synthesis of FSH followed by increased FSH release. If there was a surge in the release of FSH from a pre-synthesized stored pool, concentrations would have risen with falling concentrations of inhibins and E2 within the first few hours after surgery. However, although the magnitude of rise of FSH in the follicular phase was similar to the rise in the luteal phase, the absolute concentration of FSH was 2-fold higher in women who had surgical castration in their follicular phase, suggesting that the pituitary gland is more sensitive to negative feedback in the follicular phase. Mean LH levels started to rise within the study period but the rise was not significant, confirming a previous study which showed that FSH is more sensitive to negative feedback than LH (Yen and Tsai, 1971).
The acute changes in inhibin concentrations in this study are consistent with our previous observation in first trimester pregnancy termination (Muttukrishna et al., 1997). However, the mechanism(s) by which inhibins are cleared from the circulation is yet to be elucidated. It will be interesting to measure these proteins in urine samples to investigate if they are cleared by the kidney.
We have studied the temporal relationship between FSH rise and fall of inhibins, E2 and progesterone after menopause. The relationship between E2 and FSH/LH (but not inhibins) has been studied by other groups in the past (Kohler et al., 1968; Coble et al., 1969; Yen and Tsai, 1971). This is the first study to investigate the relationship between the acute changes in FSH and inhibins in women at surgical menopause.
The correlation analysis shows a significant negative correlation between inhibin A and FSH in both phases of the cycle, whilst inhibin B levels were negatively correlated with FSH in the follicular phase. This indicates that inhibin B is involved in controlling FSH in the follicular phase whereas inhibin A has a negative feedback role on pituitary FSH suppression in both phases of the cycle. Our observation is consistent with previous studies that have suggested a negative feedback role for inhibin B on FSH in the follicular phase (Groome et al., 1996; Klein et al., 1996). Inhibin B levels were very low in the luteal phase, as expected. Hence, a lack of a demonstrable relationship between FSH and inhibin B in the luteal phase was not surprising. As in the previous studies, falling E2 levels were significantly related to the rising FSH in both phases of the cycle. In the luteal phase, falling progesterone levels were also negatively correlated with the FSH rise, suggesting that FSH is regulated by inhibin A, E2 and progesterone in the luteal phase and by inhibin A and B and E2 in the follicular phase. However, we are aware that correlation analysis should not be used to evaluate a cause-and-effect relationship. A previous study reported that the effect of oral conjugated estrogens (commencing 1 week after surgery) increased the E2 concentrations in circulation but did not suppress FSH to pre-menopausal levels until 2.5 mg (achieving circulating E2 levels above pre-menopausal levels) was administered (Utian et al., 1978). Our preliminary observations suggest that concentrations of FSH did not fall significantly 1 day after estrogen replacement therapy in our patients. However, these observations are preliminary and future studies have been planned to investigate the changes in FSH with estrogen replacement in the patients who have had surgical menopause and to analyse the relative contribution of inhibins and E2 on controlling pituitary FSH.
In summary, this study confirms the ovary as the predominant source for circulating inhibins in normal cycling women. The rise in FSH after surgical menopause is caused by the fall in inhibins, estradiol and progesterone after ovariectomy. The time lag between the fall of the levels of ovarian inhibitors in the circulation and the rise of serum FSH may be due to the time taken for the up-regulation of FSH synthesis before release.
|
Acknowledgements |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementsReferences |
|---|
The authors thank all volunteers who participated in the study and Joan Bellenger (Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford) and Hugh McGarrigle (Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College London, UK) for running the estradiol, progesterone and gonadotrophin assays. We thank NIBSC (Potters Bar, UK) for the human recombinant inhibin A standard.
|
Notes |
|---|
4 Present address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, RFUCL Medical School, 86–96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX
5 Present address: Section of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Jessop Wing, Tree root walk, Sheffield
6 To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Free–University College London Medical School, 86–96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK. E-mail: s.muttukrishna{at}ucl.ac.uk
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementsReferences |
|---|
Barlow, D.H., Coutts, J.R.T, Mowat, J. and Macnaughton, M.C. (1981) Hormonal profiles at the menopause. In Coutts, J.R.T. (ed.), The Functional Morphology of the Human Ovary. MTP Press, Lancaster, pp. 223–234.
Burger, H.G., Cahir, N., Robertson, D.M., Groome, N.P., Dudley, E., Green, A. and Dennerstein, L. (1998) Serum inhibin A and B fall differentially as FSH rises in perimenopausal women. Clin. Endocrinol., 48, 808–813.
Cobellis, L., Luisi, S., Pezzani, I., Reis, F.M., De Leo, V. and Petraglia, F. (2002) Serum inhibin A, inhibin B and pro alpha C levels are altered after surgically or pharmacologically induced menopause. Fertil. Steril., 77, 745–749.[Web of Science][Medline]
Coble, Y. D. Jr, Kohler, P.O. Cargille, C.M. and Ross, G.T. (1969) Production rate and metabolic clearance rates of human follicle stimulating hormones in pre-menopausal and post menopausal women. J. Clin. Invest., 48, 359–363.[Web of Science][Medline]
Danforth, D.R., Arbogast, L.K., Mroueh, J., Kim, M.H., Kennard, E.A., Seifer, D.B. and Friedman, C.I. (1998) Dimeric inhibin: a direct marker of ovarian aging. Fertil. Steril., 70, 119–123.[Web of Science][Medline]
Darne, F.J., McGarrigle, H.H. and Lachelin, G.C.L. (1989) Diurnal variation of plasma and saliva oestrogen, progesterone, cortisol and plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in late pregnancy. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol., 32, 57–66.[Web of Science][Medline]
Groome, N.P., Illingworth, P.J., O’Brien, M., Pai, R., Rodger, F.E., Mather, J. and McNeilly, A.S. (1996) Measurement of dimeric inhibin-B throughout the human menstrual cycle. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 81, 1401–1405.[Abstract]
Klein, N.A., Illingworth, P.J., Groome, N.P., McNeilly, A.S., Battaglia, D.E. and Soules, M.R. (1996) Decreased inhibin B secretion is associated with the monotropic FSH rise in older, ovulatory women: a study of serum and follicular fluid levels of dimeric inhibin A and B in spontaneous menstrual cycles. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 81, 2742–2745.[Abstract]
Kohler, P.O., Ross, G.T. and Odell, W.D. (1968) Metabolic clearance and production rates of human luteinising hormone in pre and post menopausal women. J. Clin. Invest., 47, 38–43.[Medline]
Meunier, H., Rivier, C., Evans, R.M. and Vale, W. (1988) Gonadal and extra gonadal expression of inhibin 
, ßA, ßB subunits in various tissues predicts diverse functions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 85, 247–251.
Muttukrishna, S., Fowler, P.A, Groome, N.P., Mitchell, G.G., Robertson, W.R. and Knight, P.G. (1994) Serum concentrations of dimeric inhibin during the spontaneous human menstrual cycle and after treatment with exogenous gonadotrophin. Hum. Reprod., 9, 1634–1642.
Muttukrishna S., Child, T.J., Groome, N.P. and Ledger, W.L. (1997) Source of circulating levels of inhibin A, pro alpha C-containing inhibins and activin A in early pregnancy. Hum. Reprod., 12, 1089–1093.
Muttukrishna, S., Child, T., Lockwood, G.M., Groome, N.P., Barlow, D.H. and Ledger, W.L. (2000) Serum concentrations of dimeric inhibins, activin A, gonadotrophins and ovarian steroids during the menstrual cycle in older women. Hum. Reprod., 15, 549–556.
Santoro, N., Tovaghgol, A. and Shunrick, J.H. (1999) Decreased inhibin tone and increased activin A secretion characterize reproductive aging in women. Fertil. Steril., 71, 658–661.[Web of Science][Medline]
Seifer, D.B., Scott, R.T., Bergh, P.A., Abrogast, L.K., Friedman, C.I., Mack, C.K. and Danforth, D.R. (1999) Women with declining ovarian reserve may demonstrate a decrease in day 3 serum inhibin B before a rise in day 3 FSH. Fertil. Steril., 72, 63–65.[Web of Science][Medline]
Utian, W.H., Katz, M., Davey, D.A. and Carr, P.J. (1978) Effect of premenopausal castration and incremental dosages of conjugated equine estrogens on plasma follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and estradiol. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 132, 297–302.[Web of Science][Medline]
Yen, S.S.C. and Tsai, C.C. (1971) The effect of ovariectomy on gonadotrophin release. J. Clin. Invest., 50, 1149–1153.[Web of Science][Medline]
Submitted on October 16, 2001; resubmitted on May 28, 2002; accepted on July 12, 2002.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  I. E. Messinis Ovarian feedback, mechanism of action and possible clinical implications Hum. Reprod. Update, September 1, 2006; 12(5): 557 - 571. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. S. Kok, K. M. van Asselt, Y. T. van der Schouw, I. van der Tweel, P. H.M. Peeters, P. W.F. Wilson, P. L. Pearson, and D. E. Grobbee Heart Disease Risk Determines Menopausal Age Rather Than the Reverse J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 16, 2006; 47(10): 1976 - 1983. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Luisi, P. Florio, F. M. Reis, and F. Petraglia Inhibins in female and male reproductive physiology: role in gametogenesis, conception, implantation and early pregnancy Hum. Reprod. Update, March 1, 2005; 11(2): 123 - 135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Hestiantoro and D. F. Swaab Changes in Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} and -{beta} in the Infundibular Nucleus of the Human Hypothalamus Are Related to the Occurrence of Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2004; 89(4): 1912 - 1925. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Halmesmaki, R. Hurskainen, A. Tiitinen, J. Teperi, S. Grenman, A. Kivela, E. Kujansuu, M. Yliskoski, and J. Paavonen A randomized controlled trial of hysterectomy or levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in the treatment of menorrhagia--effect on FSH levels and menopausal symptoms Hum. Reprod., February 1, 2004; 19(2): 378 - 382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||