Hum. Reprod. Advance Access originally published online on December 8, 2005
Human Reproduction 2006 21(4):1025-1032; doi:10.1093/humrep/dei419
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Perinatal outcome of 12 021 singleton and 3108 twin births after non-IVF-assisted reproduction: a cohort study
1 Scientific Board of the Flemish Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St Niklaas, 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Genk Institute for Fertility Technology, Genk, 3 SPE (Studiecentrum voor Perinatale Epidemiologie), Brussels and 4 Center for Statistics, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek, Belgium
5 To whom correspondence should be addressed at: ZOL, Schiepse Bos 6, 3600 Genk, Belgium. E-mail: willem.ombelet{at}pandora.be
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionConclusionAcknowledgementsReferences |
|---|
Perinatal outcome of pregnancies caused by assisted reproduction technique (ART) is substantially worse when compared with pregnancies following natural conception. We investigated the possible risks of non-IVF ART on perinatal health. We conducted a retrospective cohort study with two exposure groups: a study group of pregnancies after controlled ovarian stimulation (COS), with or without artificial insemination (AI), and a naturally conceived comparison group. We used the data from the regional registry of all hospital deliveries in the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium during the period from January 1993 until December 2003 to investigate differences in perinatal outcome of singleton and twin pregnancies. 12 021 singleton and 3108 twin births could be selected. Naturally conceived subjects were matched for maternal age, parity, fetal sex and year of birth. The main outcome measures were duration of pregnancy, birth weight, perinatal morbidity and perinatal mortality. Our overall results showed a significantly higher incidence of prematurity (<32 and <37 weeks), low and very low birth weight, transfer to the neonatal intensive care unit and most neonatal morbidity parameters for COS/AI singletons. Twin pregnancies resulting from COS/AI showed an increased rate of neonatal mortality, assisted ventilation and respiratory distress syndrome. After excluding same-sex twin sets, COS/AI twin pregnancies were at increased risk for extreme prematurity and very low birth weight. In conclusion, COS/AI singleton and twin pregnancies are significantly disadvantaged compared to naturally conceived children.
Key words: insemination/matched control study/perinatal outcome/singletons/twin pregnancies
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionConclusionAcknowledgementsReferences |
|---|
Controlled ovarian stimulation (COS), with or without AI (artificial insemination), is frequently used and generally accepted as a valuable first-line treatment in case of subfertility due to ovulatory disorders, unexplained infertility and moderate male factor subfertility (Peterson et al., 1994
; Ombelet et al., 1995, 1997, 2003a,b; Van Voorhis et al., 1997, 1998; Zayed et al., 1997; Guzick et al., 1998; Karande et al., 1999; Cohlen et al., 2000; Daya, 2000; Goverde et al., 2000; Philips et al., 2000; Van Voorhis and Syrop, 2000; Homburg and Insler, 2002; Hughes, 2003; Cohlen, 2005).
Today, there is a widespread belief that the perinatal outcome of pregnancies caused by assisted reproduction technique (ART) is substantially worse when compared with pregnancies following natural conception. This is mainly attributed to a higher rate of multiple birth, which in turn is associated with a higher rate of perinatal mortality and morbidity (Luke and Keith, 1992; Gissler et al., 1995; ESHRE Capri Workshop Group, 2000, 2003; Blickstein, 2003).
Because of the widespread use of gonadotrophins, induction of ovulation and COS are nowadays the most important cause of multiple pregnancies related to infertility treatment in the United States (Evans et al., 1995; Gleicher et al., 2000; Tur et al., 2001). In COS, the prediction of multiple gestation is highly uncertain especially when gonadotrophins are used (Gleicher et al., 2000). A few reports suggest that non-IVF ovarian stimulation is responsible for at least one-third of multiple pregnancies (Bergh et al., 1999; Tur et al., 2001).
Helmerhorst et al. (2004) reported a significantly worse perinatal outcome for singleton pregnancies following ART compared to pregnancies after natural conception. For twin pregnancies, the difference was less clear, and perinatal mortality was significantly lower for ART twins. This can be explained by the fact that monochorionic twins carry the highest risk of a poor outcome (Sebire et al., 1997). About 20% of all twins are monochorionic, but the proportion is higher in spontaneous twins (30%) compared to ART twins (3.7–7%) (Chow et al., 2001; Derom et al., 2001; Lambalk and van Hooff, 2001).
The reason why perinatal health problems occur more frequently in non-IVF pregnancies is still unknown, but can be explained by the procedures (intrauterine insemination), the medication used or the reason for infertility as such (Lambert, 2003). It also seems that spontaneous reduction of multiples pregnancies causes a higher risk for adverse obstetric and perinatal outcome compared to pregnancies without spontaneous reduction (Dickey et al., 2004; Pinborg et al., 2005). Because the increased risk for multiple pregnancies after non-IVF hormonal treatment is comparable with IVF (especially when gonadotrophins are used), this may also be an important factor influencing the worse perinatal outcome of non-IVF singleton and twin pregnancies after COS/AI.
To investigate the possible risks of non-IVF ART on perinatal health, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of 12 021 singleton and 3108 twin births in the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium (Flanders) during the period from January 1993 until December 2003. To investigate the impact of twin pregnancies on perinatal health outcome, we also compared outcome parameters between singletons and twins obtained after non-IVF hormonal treatment.
|
Materials and methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionConclusionAcknowledgementsReferences |
|---|
We performed this study by analysing the SPE (Study Centre for Perinatal Epidemiology of Flanders) data from the ‘Studiecentrum voor Perinatale Epidemiologie’. The SPE collects data on the medical and obstetric history, and on perinatal events of each hospital delivery in Flanders of more than 21 weeks of gestational age and
500 g at birth. Full co-operation of all 80 departments of Obstetrics in Flanders has been established since 1993. The data are based on questionnaires completed by midwifes, obstetricians and paediatricians in the early neonatal period. The obstetric and perinatal file registers 33 items of data per child. If the newborn is transferred to the neonatology unit, another 20 items of neonatal data are registered. All data are sent to a data coordinator, who carries out a review for errors and omissions. Quality of the data gathering is controlled on a full-time basis through checking of the incoming records for internal inconsistencies, exactness and completeness. Correction and completion is assured by telephone calls, additional questionnaires and, if necessary, visits to the local departments. Subsequently, the files are stored in a computer database. Each year, a complete analysis of the data is performed. This results in a yearly global report and a unique report per obstetric unit.
COS/AI pregnancies (cases)
Of 619 065 pregnancies and 661 065 births between 1 January 1993 and 31 December 2003, we found 12 021 singleton and 3108 twin births of pregnancies obtained with COS and timed coitus or AI. It was not possible to make a distinction between insemination with donor and partner sperm. Because of their small numbers and the difficulty of finding appropriate control subjects, higher-order gestations were excluded from the study. According to a questionnaire filled out by most Flemish gynaecologists working in the field of human reproduction, in 10% of all AIs donor semen was used (Ombelet et al., 2003a,b, questionnaire organized by the Flemish Society of Obstetrics & Gynaecology).
Pregnancies after natural conception (naturally conceived comparison group)
Comparison pregnancies of the naturally conceived comparison group were computer selected from the SPE registry according to the following criteria: natural conception, multiplicity of birth, maternal age no more than 2 years apart from the study case, same parity, date of delivery no more than 1 year apart from the case and the same fetal sex. For each COS/AI pregnancy, and after adjusting for parity, fetal sex and year of birth, the best possible match for maternal age was selected. All pregnancies of the naturally conceived comparison group were unique. For twin pregnancies, we studied the results before and after excluding the like-sex twins.
Main outcome measures and definitions
The main outcome measures for this study were gestational age, birth weight, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), perinatal mortality and perinatal morbidity including intracranial bleeding, assisted ventilation and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). A distinction was made between normal birth weight (2500 g), low birth weight (<2500 g) and very low birth weight (<1500 g). Concerning gestational age, a distinction was made between term birth (37 weeks), preterm (<37 weeks) and extreme preterm (<32 weeks). Stillbirth was defined as the birth of a lifeless child of 500 g and neonatal death is the death of a live born child 500 g within 7 days after birth. The perinatal mortality rate is the sum of stillbirths and neonatal deaths divided by the total number of live and stillbirths. All minor and major congenital malformations, recognized during pregnancy or during hospitalisation in the neonatal period, were reported. Minor and major malformations were not differentiated. Because a lot of malformations, especially minor ones, are only detected after the first week after delivery and therefore adequate estimation of the exact malformation rate was not possible, this parameter was not used as a major outcome measure.
Statistical methodology
The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to test group differences in parity, duration of pregnancy, birth weight and maternal age. This test is a non-parametric analogue of the unpaired Student’s t-test and uses the ranks of the observations to derive the test statistic. Dichotomous data (such as gestational age <37 weeks) were summarized in contingency tables, and the resulting log-odds ratio, together with the corresponding 95% confidence limits were used to make inferences. We used the odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR) module of the MEDCALC program, its 95% confidence interval (CI) and the corresponding P-values (Sheskin, 2004). A difference at the 5% level of significance was considered the threshold of significance.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionConclusionAcknowledgementsReferences |
|---|
Of 619 065 pregnancies and 661 065 births between 1 January 1993 and 31 December 2003, a total of 12 021 singleton (1.82%) and 3108 twin births (0.47%) of pregnancies obtained with COS/AI were analysed and compared with the same number of matched pregnancies following natural conception.
Singleton pregnancies
Data on perinatal outcome of 12 021 COS/AI and 12 021 naturally conceived singleton pregnancies are summarized in Table I. Parity and maternal age were similar in both the study and the naturally conceived comparison group. Mean gestational age was significantly lower in the COS/AI study group (38.8 versus 39.2 weeks, P < 0.01). Study subjects had a mean birth weight of 3271 g versus 3350 g in the naturally conceived comparison group (difference 79 g, P < 0.01). Premature and very premature babies were seen more often in the study group (<32 weeks: 1.3 versus 0.4%, OR 3.26, CI 2.32–4.59; <37 weeks: 7.8 versus 4.2%, OR 1.89, CI 1.69–2.12). Low birth weight and very low birth weight were also observed more often in the study group (<1500 g: 1.3 versus 0.4%, OR 3.21, CI 2.31–4.47; <2500 g: 6.6 versus 3.7%, OR 1.86, CI 1.65–2.10). Admission to the NICU was found more frequently in the study group (18.3 versus 12.8%, OR 1.52, CI 1.42–1.64). COS/AI pregnancies were also at increased risk for assisted ventilation, intracranial bleeding and RDS (Table I).
|
Twin pregnancies
As shown in Table II, 3108 COS/AI twin births could be selected and compared with an identical number of matched controls. Parity and maternal age were similar in both study and comparison group. Gestational age was significantly lower in the COS/AI study group (35.6 versus 35.9 weeks, P < 0.01). The mean birth weight of the first baby and second baby was respectively 2368 and 2311 g for the COS/AI babies compared to 2410 (difference 42 g, P < 0.01) and 2350 g (difference 39 g, P < 0.01) for the naturally conceived comparison group. Prematurity and low birth weight were observed more often in the study group, but the differences were not statistically significant. Although perinatal mortality was not significantly different between both groups, early neonatal mortality was significantly increased in the study group (OR 1.91, CI 1.18–3.20). This was also reflected in a higher incidence of assisted ventilation and RDS in the COS/AI pregnancies.
|
Since we may expect an overrepresentation of monozygotic twins in the naturally conceived comparison group compared to the study group, data were reanalysed after excluding all same-sex twin pairs. Consequently, 1320 unlike-sex COS/AI twin babies could be compared with 1320 unlike-sex babies of the comparison group. In this selected group of unlike-sex twins, we observed a significantly higher rate of very low birth weight (9.0 versus 6.8%, OR 1.61, CI 1.21–2.14) and extreme prematurity (8.6 versus 6.4%, OR 1.37, CI 1.02–1.86) for the COS/AI group compared to naturally conceived controls (Table III). Stillbirth, neonatal death and perinatal mortality were seen more frequently in the study group, although the differences were not statistically significant.
|
Singleton versus twin pregnancies
Comparison between obstetric and perinatal data of 12 021 singleton and 3108 twin births after COS/AI showed a highly significant worse outcome for twin pregnancies compared to singletons for all studied parameters (Table IV). There was a highly significant difference in gestational age (39.0 weeks for singletons, 35.6 weeks for twins, P < 0.001). Parity and maternal age were comparable in both groups. The mean birth weight was significantly higher in singletons (3315 g for singletons, 2348 g for twins, P < 0.001).
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionConclusionAcknowledgementsReferences |
|---|
Ovarian stimulation, with or without AI, is a widely used treatment option for many subfertile couples in case of ovulatory dysfunction, mild endometriosis, mild and moderate male subfertility and unexplained infertility. Because it is a successful, easier, less invasive and cheaper first-line treatment compared with IVF, it is nowadays the most frequent used treatment option of ART worldwide.
Multiple pregnancy is the most important adverse outcome with current methods of infertility treatment. Neonatal complications as a result of extreme prematurity and their long-term sequelae, maternal complications and social problems are seen more often after multiple birth (Elster, 2000; Denton and Bryan, 2002; Finnstroem, 2002; Ozturk and Templeton, 2002; Bryan, 2003; Ombelet et al., 2005). For IVF and ICSI, transferring multiple embryos into the uterus maximizes pregnancy rates, at the expense, however, of an unacceptably high multiple pregnancy rate. Because of the widespread use of gonadotrophins, induction of ovulation and COS have become the main cause of multiple pregnancies related to infertility treatment in the USA (Evans et al., 1995; Gleicher et al., 2000; Tur et al., 2001).
Although information concerning the obstetric and perinatal outcome of pregnancies following infertility treatment is essential, only data of IVF and ICSI pregnancies are registered worldwide. US and European results are published on an annual basis (ASRM/SART Registry, 2000, 2002a,b; Nygren and Andersen, 2001a,b, 2002; Andersen et al., 2004). For non-IVF, registration is almost non-existent. Until now, only three studies reported on the obstetric and perinatal outcome after intrauterine insemination (IUI), with contradictory results (Nuojua-Huttunen et al., 1999; Wang et al., 2002; Gaudoin et al., 2003). In the first study, 111 IUI pregnancies were compared with 333 spontaneous and 333 IVF pregnancies. They used data obtained from the Finnish Medical Birth Register (MBR). Obstetric and perinatal outcome was similar in all groups (Nuojua-Huttunen et al., 1999). Wang et al. (2002) examined the preterm birth rate in 1015 IUI/DI (homologous/donor insemination) singleton births compared to 1019 IVF/ICSI and 1019 naturally conceived births. In this study, singleton IUI/DI births were about 1.5 times more likely to be born preterm than naturally conceived singletons, whereas the IVF/ICSI group were 2.4 times more likely to be born preterm than the naturally conceived group. They found no significant difference in the risk of preterm birth for IUI (partner semen) compared to DI (donor semen) within their ‘low-technology’ group (7.0 versus 7.5% respectively). Gaudoin et al. (2003) compared 133 COS/AI pregnancies with 109 443 pregnancies of the Scottish national cohort. They concluded that the perinatal outcome of singletons after COS/AI is poorer and associated with low birth weight, but only when IUI was done with partner semen and not with donor semen.
In our study, pregnancies following non-IVF hormonal treatment are compared to a matched group of naturally conceived pregnancies. Data were obtained from the SPE. The study group was matched to controls according to four important factors influencing obstetric and perinatal outcome, namely maternal age, parity, date of delivery and fetal sex. Because of the high difference in perinatal health outcome between singleton and twin pregnancies, we also matched for plurality. Our SPE registry data did not allow matching for other prominent confounders such as smoking, obesity, infection, insulin resistance, socioeconomic status, occupation exposures and pre-existing disease. Our SPE data did not allow differentiation between insemination with donor and partner sperm. Nevertheless, a questionnaire among Flemish infertility specialists showed that in approximately 10% of AIs in our series, donor semen was used. It is well known that pregnancies resulting from donor insemination carry no increased risk compared to spontaneous gestations (Hoy et al., 1999; Wang et al., 2002; Gaudoin et al., 2003).
Considering singletons, it is not possible from the present study to tease out which potential causal factor (insemination procedure, medication used, the influence of vanishing twins or the underlying infertility as such) is responsible for the difference in perinatal outcome between both groups. Our data of a large series of non-IVF pregnancies showed that even after matching for four different confounding factors, the frequency of perinatal health problems such as prematurity, low birth weight and perinatal mortality is higher in COS/AI babies when compared to naturally conceived babies. Neonatal morbidity parameters such as assisted ventilation, intracranial bleeding and RDS were also seen more often in the COS/AI study group. Our data on singleton pregnancies are similar to the results of other studies (Wang et al., 2002; Gaudoin et al., 2003; Helmerhorst et al., 2004).
The outcome of twin pregnancies after ART (IVF and non-IVF) has also been investigated in the structured review published by Helmerhorst et al. (2004). In matched studies of twin gestations, they observed no significant difference between ART and spontaneous gestations for very preterm birth, preterm birth, very low birth weight, low birth weight and for small gestational age. Perinatal mortality was about 40% lower after assisted compared with natural conception (relative risk 0.58, CI 0.44–0.77). It was suggested that the lower rate of monochorionic placentas is responsible for the lower risk for perinatal health problems in ART twins. In our series, early neonatal mortality (OR 1.91, CI 1.18–3.20), assisted ventilation (OR 1.22, CI 1.00–1.49) and RDS (OR 1.25, CI 1.00–1.56) were seen more often in the study (COS/AI) group. Contradictory to the study results of Helmerhorst, we observed a higher perinatal mortality in the study group (3.15 versus 2.45%), although this difference was not statistically significant. In the structured review of Helmerhorst et al. (2004), almost all studies on the outcome of pregnancies are dealing with IVF/ICSI, and this might be an explanation for the different results of our study examining a solely non-IVF population.
Because monochorionicity is highly associated with an increased perinatal mortality and morbidity, we also studied the data of unlike-sex twins only. In this selected group of dizygotic pregnancies (42.5% of all twin pregnancies after COS/AI treatment in this study), we found a significantly higher rate of very low birth weight (9.0 versus 6.8%, OR 1.61, CI 1.21–2.14) and extreme prematurity (8.7 versus 6.4%, OR 1.37, CI 1.02–1.86) for the COS/AI group compared to the naturally conceived comparison group. Stillbirth, neonatal death and perinatal mortality were seen more frequently in the study group, although the differences were not statistically significant (Table III). Our results indicate that, after excluding the perinatal problems associated with monozygotic pregnancies by using unlike-sex twins only, ART twins carry a higher perinatal risk compared to naturally conceived twins.
It has also been shown in other reports that the increased incidence of premature birth reported for IVF singleton and twin births, compared to spontaneous pregnancies, is due in large part to the initial occurrence of triplet and higher-order gestations which will undergo spontaneous reduction in 47% of triplet and 45% of quadruplet gestations. These pregnancies continued as viable singleton and twin pregnancies, but they are increased risk for prematurity compared to IVF singleton and twins that began as singleton and twin gestation (Dickey et al., 2004; Dickey, 2005). Pinborg et al. (2005) recently showed that more than 10% of IVF/ICSI singletons are the result of a vanishing twin. They also observed that survivors of a vanishing co-twin have a higher risk for prematurity and low birth weight compared to singletons from single gestations. Since we may expect that the rate of spontaneous reduction is comparable for IVF and non-IVF ART, this phenomenon can explain, at least partly, the worse perinatal health outcome after COS/AI compared to natural conception singleton and twin pregnancies. A close follow-up of ART pregnancies from the early beginning is mandatory to detect spontaneous reduction of multiple pregnancies which might be very important for that particular pregnancy. In our study, there were no data available on spontaneous reduction, and therefore these important parameters could not be evaluated.
This large retrospective analysis also showed an overall increased perinatal risks of multiple pregnancies compared to singletons. Low birth weight and preterm delivery are the most important factors accounting for the excess in perinatal mortality and morbidity in multiple pregnancies. According to the literature, the incidence of early preterm delivery (<32 weeks) and very-low-birth-weight infants (<1500 g) is almost five times higher in ART twin pregnancies compared to ART singletons (Keith and Oleszczuk, 1999; Martin et al., 2002; Ombelet et al., 2005). In this study, twins were at increased risk for perinatal mortality and morbidity parameters, which could easily be explained by a six- to sevenfold increase in prematurity and low birth weight (Table IV). The prediction of multiple gestation is highly uncertain in COS with or without IUI, especially when gonadotrophins are used (Gleicher et al., 2000). Therefore, prevention of multiple pregnancy remains the cornerstone of success in non-IVF procedures using COS. When three or more follicles of a diameter 15 mm are present, reasonable options are (i) to cancel the insemination procedure, (ii) to prevent timed coitus during the following days, (iii) to perform rescue IVF with or without the use of GnRH antagonist and/or (iv) to do follicular aspiration (Lessing et al., 1991; Many et al., 1999; Fatemi et al., 2002). Trials with low-dosage gonadotrophin protocols resulted in a lower multiple birth rate without influencing the ongoing pregnancy rate significantly (Dhaliwal et al., 2002; Alsina et al., 2003). Clomiphene citrate remains a good first-line option with successful ovulation induction in about 50–70% of cases and a reasonable multiple pregnancy rate of 6–8% (Ombelet et al., 1996, 1997; Sovino et al., 2002).
According to the results of our study and the findings of many other reports, couples have to be informed about the risks of multiple pregnancies associated with infertility treatment. On the other hand, subfertile couples have to be aware of the higher perinatal morbidity and mortality rate even when a singleton pregnancy occurs after non-IVF hormonal treatment.
|
Conclusion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionConclusionAcknowledgementsReferences |
|---|
This retrospective cohort study examines the largest series of pregnancies following COS and/or AI ever published. This study shows a higher incidence of low birth weight, prematurity and perinatal mortality and morbidity for singletons in the infertile population. When all twin pregnancies were considered, only neonatal death was observed more often in the study group. However, when the comparison was restricted to unlike-sex twin pairs, COS/AI twins were significantly disadvantaged compared to naturally conceived unlike-sex twins with a higher incidence of very low birth weight and severe prematurity. Our results emphasize the need to inform couples undergoing treatment with COS, with or without AI, about the increased risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity in twins compared to singletons. Low-dose protocols of ovarian stimulation are mandatory for the prevention of multiple pregnancies in non-IVF hormonal stimulation. Couples should also be informed about an increased risk for perinatal health problems after non-IVF ART in singletons and twin pregnancies when compared to spontaneous pregnancies.
|
Acknowledgements |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionConclusionAcknowledgementsReferences |
|---|
We gratefully thank Vanessa De Bolle and Ingrid Jossa for their technical support in preparing this manuscript. We also thank all Flemish midwifes, obstetricians and paediatricians for completing the SPE questionnaires since many years.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionConclusionAcknowledgementsReferences |
|---|
Alsina JC, Balda JAR, Sarrio AR, Fernandez AR, Trigo IC, Parga JLG, Batres CG and Escudero JR (2003) Ovulation induction with a starting dose of 50 IU of recombinant follicle stimulating hormone in WHO group II anovulatory women: the IO-50 study, a prospective, observational, multicentre, open trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 110,1072–1077.
Andersen NA, Gianaroli L and Nygren KG (2004) Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2000. Results generated from European registers by ESHRE. Hum Reprod 19,490–503.
ASRM/SART Registry (2000) Assisted reproductive technology in the United States: 1997 results generated from the American Society for Reproductive Medicine/Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Registry. Fertil Steril 74,641–653.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
ASRM/SART Registry (2002a) Assisted reproductive technology in the United States: 1998 results generated from the American Society for Reproductive Medicine/Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Registry. Fertil Steril 77,18–31.
ASRM/SART Registry (2002b) Assisted reproductive technology in the United States: 1999 results generated from the American Society for Reproductive Medicine/Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Registry. Fertil Steril 78,918–931.
Bergh T, Ericson A, Hillensjo T, Nygren KG and Wennerholm UB (1999) Deliveries and children born after in-vitro fertilisation in Sweden 1982–95: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 354,1579–1585.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Blickstein I (2003) The worldwide impact of iatrogenic pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 82,307–317.[CrossRef][Medline]
Bryan E (2003) The impact of multiple preterm births on the family. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 110(Suppl. 20),24–28.
Chow JS, Benson CB, Racowsky C, Doubilet PM and Ginsburg E (2001) Frequency of a monochorionic pair in multiple gestations: relationship to mode of conception. J Ultrasound Med 20,757–760.[Abstract]
Cohlen BJ (2005) Should we continue performing intrauterine inseminations in the year 2004? Gynecol Obstet Invest 59,3–13.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Cohlen BJ, Vandekerckhove P, te Velde ER and Habbema JD (2000) Timed intercourse versus intra-uterine insemination with or without ovarian hyperstimulation for subfertility in men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD000360.
Daya S (2000) Cost-effective, evidence-based infertility care. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 12,227–231.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Denton J and Bryan E (2002) Multiple birth children and their families following ART. In Vayena E, Rowe PJ and Griffin PD (eds) Current Practices and Controversies in Assisted Reproduction. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 243–251.
Derom R, Derom C and Vlietinck R (2001) The risk of monozygotic twinning. In Blickstein I and Keith LG (eds) Iatrogenic Multiple Pregnancy: Clinical Implications. Parthenon Publishing, New York, NY, USA, pp. 9–19.
Dhaliwal LK, Sialy RK, Gopalan S and Majumdar S (2002) Minimal stimulation protocol for use with intrauterine insemination in the treatment of infertility. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 28,295–299.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Dickey RP (2005) Embryonic loss in iatrogenic multiples. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 32,17–27.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Dickey RP, Sartor BM and Pyrzak R (2004) What is the most relevant standard of success in assisted reproduction?: no single outcome measure is satisfactory when evaluating success in assisted reproduction; both twin births and singleton births should be counted as successes. Hum Reprod 19,783–787.
Elster N (2000) Less is more: the risk of multiple births. Fertil Steril 74,617–623.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (2000) Multiple gestation pregnancy. Hum Reprod 15,1856–1864.
ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (2003) Mono-ovulatory cycles: a key goal in profertility programmes. Hum Reprod Update 9,263–274.
Evans MI, Littmann L, St Louis L, LeBlanc L, Addis J, Johnson MP and Moghissi KS (1995) Evolving patterns of iatrogenic multifetal pregnancy generation: implications for aggressiveness of infertility treatments. Am J Obstet Gynecol 172,1750–1753.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Fatemi HM, Platteau P, Albano C, Van Steirteghem A and Devroey P (2002) Rescue IVF and coasting with the use of a GnRH antagonist after ovulation induction. Reprod Biomed Online 5,273–275.[Medline]
Finnstroem O (2002) Outcome of multiple pregnancy following ART: the effect on the child. In Vayena E, Rowe PJ and Griffin PD (eds) Current Practices and Controversies in Assisted Reproduction. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 235–242.
Gaudoin M, Dobbie R, Finlayson A, Chalmers J, Cameron IT and Fleming R (2003) Ovulation induction/intrauterine insemination in infertile couples is associated with low-birth-weight infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188,611–616.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Gissler M, Silverio MM and Hemminki E (1995) In-vitro fertilization pregnancies and perinatal health in Finland 1991–1993. Hum Reprod 10,1856–1861.
Gleicher N, Oleske DM, Tur-Kaspa I, Vidali A and Karande V (2000) Reducing the risk of high-order multiple pregnancy after ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins. N Engl J Med 343,2–7.
Goverde AJ, McDonnell J, Vermeiden JP, Schats R, Rutten FF and Schoemaker J (2000) Intrauterine insemination or in-vitro fertilisation in idiopathic subfertility and male subfertility: a randomized trial and cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet 355,13–18.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Guzick DS, Sullivan MW, Adamson GD, Cedars MI, Falk RJ, Peterson EP and Steinkampf MP (1998) Efficacy of treatment for unexplained infertility. Fertil Steril 70,207–213.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Helmerhorst FM, Perquin DA, Donker D and Keirse MJ (2004) Perinatal outcome of singletons and twins after assisted conception: a systematic review of controlled studies. Br Med J 328,261.
Homburg R and Insler V (2002) Ovulation induction in perspective. Hum Reprod Update 8,449–462.
Hoy J, Venn A, Halliday J, Kovacs G and Waalwyk K (1999) Perinatal and obstetric outcomes of donor insemination using cryopreserved semen in Victoria, Australia. Hum Reprod 14,1760–1764.
Hughes EG (2003) Stimulated intra-uterine insemination is not a natural choice for the treatment of unexplained subfertility. ‘Effective treatment’ or ‘not a natural choice’? Hum Reprod 18,912–914.
Karande VC, Korn A, Morris R, Rao R, Balin M, Rinehart J, Dohn K and Gleicher N (1999) Prospective randomized trial comparing the outcome and cost of in vitro fertilization with that of a traditional treatment algorithm as first-line therapy for couples with infertility. Fertil Steril 71,468–475.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Keith L and Oleszczuk JJ (1999) Iatrogenic multiple birth, multiple pregnancy and assisted reproductive technologies. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 64,11–25.[CrossRef][Medline]
Lambalk CB and van Hooff M (2001) Natural versus induced twinning and pregnancy outcome: a Dutch nationwide survey of primiparous dizygotic twin deliveries. Fertil Steril 75,731–736.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Lambert RD (2003) Safety issues in assisted reproductive technology: aetiology of health problems in singleton ART babies. Hum Reprod 18,1987–1991.
Lessing JB, Amit A, Libal Y, Yovel I, Kogosowski A and Peyser MR (1991) Avoidance of cancellation of potential hyperstimulation cycles by conversion to in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Fertil Steril 56,75–78.[Web of Science][Medline]
Luke B and Keith LG (1992) The contribution of singletons, twins and triplets to low birth weight, infant mortality and handicap in the United States. J Reprod Med 37,661–666.[Web of Science][Medline]
Many A, Azem F, Lessing JB, Yovel I, Yavetz H and Amit A (1999) Pregnancy rate in IVF rescue in high responders to human menopausal gonadotropin. J Assist Reprod Genet 16,520–522.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Ventura SJ, Menacker F, Park MM and Sutton PD (2002) Births: final data for 2001. Natl Vital Stat Rep 51,1–102.[Medline]
Nuojua-Huttunen S, Gissler M, Martikainen H and Tuomivaara L (1999) Obstetric and perinatal outcome of pregnancies after intrauterine insemination. Hum Reprod 14,2110–2115.
Nygren KG and Andersen AN (2001a) Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 1997. Results generated from European registers by ESHRE. European IVF-Monitoring Programme (EIM), for European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) Hum Reprod 16,384–391.
Nygren KG and Andersen AN (2001b) Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 1998. Results generated from European registers by ESHRE. European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. Hum Reprod 16,2459–2471.
Nygren KG and Andersen AN (2002) Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 1999. Results generated from European registers by ESHRE. Hum Reprod 17,3260–3274.
Ombelet W, Bosmans E, Hinoul P and Nijs M (2003a) Pros and cons of IUI in male subfertility treatment. Reprod Biomed Online 7 (Comp 1),66–72.
Ombelet W, Cox A, Janssen M et al. (1996) Artificial insemination (AIH) 2: using the husband’s sperm. In Acosta AA and Kruger TF (eds) Diagnosis and Therapy of Male Factor in Assisted Reproduction. Parthenon Publishing, New York, 397–410.
Ombelet W, De Sutter P, Van der Elst J and Martens G (2005) Multiple gestation and infertility treatment: registration, reflection and reaction: The Belgian project. Hum Reprod Update 11,3–14.
Ombelet W, Deblaere K, Bosmans E, Cox A, Jacobs P, Janssen M and Nijs M (2003b) Semen quality and intrauterine insemination. Reprod Biomed Online 7,485–492.[Medline]
Ombelet W, Puttemans P and Bosmans E (1995) Intrauterine insemination: a first-step procedure in the algorithm of male subfertility treatment. Hum Reprod 10 (Suppl. 1),90–102.
Ombelet W, Vandeput H, Van de Putte G, Cox A, Janssen M, Jacobs P, Bosmans E, Steeno O and Kruger T (1997) Intrauterine insemination after ovarian stimulation with clomiphene citrate: predictive potential of inseminating motile count and sperm morphology. Hum Reprod 12,1458–1463.
Ozturk O and Templeton A (2002) Multiple pregnancy in assisted reproduction techniques. In Vayena E, Rowe PJ and Griffin PD (eds) Current Practices and Controversies in Assisted Reproduction. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland,pp. 220–234.
Peterson CM, Hatasaka HH, Jones KP, Poulson AM Jr, Carrell DT and Urry RL (1994) Ovulation induction with gonadotropins and intrauterine insemination compared with in vitro fertilization and no therapy: a prospective, nonrandomized, cohort study and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 62,535–544.[Web of Science][Medline]
Philips Z, Barraza-Llorens M and Posnett J (2000) Evaluation of the relative cost-effectiveness of treatments for infertility in the UK. Hum Reprod 15,95–106.
Pinborg A, Lidegaard O, la Cour Freiesleben N and Andersen AN (2005) Consequences of vanishing twins in IVF/ICSI pregnancies. Hum Reprod 20,2821–2829.
Sebire NJ, Snijders RJ, Hughes K, Sepulveda W and Nicolaides KH (1997) The hidden mortality of monochorionic twin pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 104,1203–1207.[Web of Science][Medline]
Sheskin DJ (2004) Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures, 3rd edn. Chapman & Hall /CRC, Boca Raton.
Sovino H, Sir-Petermann T and Devoto L (2002) Clomiphene citrate and ovulation induction. Reprod Biomed Online 4,303–310.[Medline]
Tur R, Barri PN, Coroleu B, Buxaderas R, Martinez F and Balasch J (2001) Risk factors for high-order multiple implantation after ovarian stimulation with gonadotrophins: evidence from a large series of 1878 consecutive pregnancies in a single centre. Hum Reprod 16,2124–2129.
Van Voorhis BJ, Sparks AET, Allen BD, Stovall DW, Syrop CH and Chapler FK (1997) Cost-effectiveness of infertility treatments: a cohort study. Fertil Steril 67,830–836.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Van Voorhis BJ, Stovall DW, Allen BD and Syrop CH (1998) Cost-effective treatment of the infertile couple. Fertil Steril 70,995–1005.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Van Voorhis BJ and Syrop CH (2000) Cost-effective treatment for the couple with infertility. Clin Obstet Gynecol 43,958–973.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Wang JX, Norman RJ and Kristiansson P (2002) The effect of various infertility treatments on the risk of preterm birth. Hum Reprod 17,945–949.
Zayed F, Lenton EA and Cooke ID (1997) Comparison between stimulated in-vitro fertilization and stimulated intrauterine insemination for the treatment of unexplained and mild male factor infertility. Hum Reprod 12,2408–2413.
Submitted on February 17, 2005; resubmitted on October 6, 2005; accepted on October 31, 2005.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  D. Hvidtjorn, L. Schieve, D. Schendel, B. Jacobsson, C. Svaerke, and P. Thorsen Cerebral Palsy, Autism Spectrum Disorders, and Developmental Delay in Children Born After Assisted Conception: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, January 1, 2009; 163(1): 72 - 83. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. Durkin, M. J. Maenner, C. J. Newschaffer, L.-C. Lee, C. M. Cunniff, J. L. Daniels, R. S. Kirby, L. Leavitt, L. Miller, W. Zahorodny, et al. Advanced Parental Age and the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder Am. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2008; 168(11): 1268 - 1276. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S.M. Mourad, W.L.D.M. Nelen, R.P.M.G. Hermens, L.F. Bancsi, D.D.M. Braat, G.A. Zielhuis, R.P.T.M. Grol, and J.A.M. Kremer Variation in subfertility care measured by guideline-based performance indicators Hum. Reprod., November 1, 2008; 23(11): 2493 - 2500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Campo and C. R. Molinas Modern endoscopic-based exploration of the female reproductive tract: a model for developing countries? ESHRE Monogr, July 1, 2008; 2008(1): 54 - 59. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Ombelet, R. Campo, E. Bosmans, and M. Nijs Intrauterine insemination (IUI) as a first-line treatment in developing countries and methodological aspects that might influence IUI success ESHRE Monogr, July 1, 2008; 2008(1): 64 - 72. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B.C. Jacod, K.D. Lichtenbelt, G.H. Schuring-Blom, J.S.E. Laven, D. van Opstal, M.J.C. Eijkemans, N.S. Macklon, and on behalf of the IVF-CPM Study Group Does confined placental mosaicism account for adverse perinatal outcomes in IVF pregnancies? Hum. Reprod., May 1, 2008; 23(5): 1107 - 1112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. M. Chambers, M. G. Chapman, N. Grayson, M. Shanahan, and E. A. Sullivan Babies born after ART treatment cost more than non-ART babies: a cost analysis of inpatient birth-admission costs of singleton and multiple gestation pregnancies Hum. Reprod., December 1, 2007; 22(12): 3108 - 3115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Golombok, F. Olivennes, C. Ramogida, J. Rust, T. Freeman, and The Follow-Up Team Parenting and the psychological development of a representative sample of triplets conceived by assisted reproduction Hum. Reprod., November 1, 2007; 22(11): 2896 - 2902. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.M. Mourad, R.P.M.G. Hermens, W.L.D.M. Nelen, D.D.M. Braat, R.P.T.M. Grol, and J.A.M. Kremer Guideline-based development of quality indicators for subfertility care Hum. Reprod., October 1, 2007; 22(10): 2665 - 2672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Luke and M. B. Brown Elevated risks of pregnancy complications and adverse outcomes with increasing maternal age Hum. Reprod., May 1, 2007; 22(5): 1264 - 1272. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Sun, M. Vestergaard, J. Christensen, J. L. Zhu, B. H. Bech, and J. Olsen Epilepsy and febrile seizures in children of treated and untreated subfertile couples Hum. Reprod., January 1, 2007; 22(1): 215 - 220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Luke and M. B. Brown The Changing Risk of Infant Mortality by Gestation, Plurality, and Race: 1989-1991 Versus 1999-2001 Pediatrics, December 1, 2006; 118(6): 2488 - 2497. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Land How should we report on perinatal outcome? Hum. Reprod., October 1, 2006; 21(10): 2638 - 2639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Infertility, Rather Than Its Treatment, Is Associated with Perinatal Morbidity Journal Watch Women's Health, June 30, 2006; 2006(630): 6 - 6. [Full Text]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||