Hum. Reprod. Advance Access originally published online on February 14, 2008
Human Reproduction 2008 23(4):756-771; doi:10.1093/humrep/den014
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Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2004: results generated from European registers by ESHRE
ESHRE Central Office, Meerstraat 60, B-1852 Grimbergen, Belgium
1 Correspondence address. The Fertility Clinic 4071, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. Tel: +45-35-45-13-15 or +45-35-45-49-76; Fax: +45-35-45-49-46; E-mail: anyboea{at}rh.dk
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsSupplementary DataAppendixReferences |
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BACKGROUND: European results of assisted reproductive techniques from treatments initiated during 2004 are presented in this eighth report.
METHODS: Data were mainly collected from existing national registers. From 29 countries, 785 clinics reported 367 066 treatment cycles including: IVF (114 672), ICSI (167 192), frozen embryo replacement (FER, 71 997), egg donation (ED, 10 334), preimplantation genetic diagnosis/screening (PGD/PGS, 2701) and in vitro maturation (IVM, 170). Overall, this represents only a marginal increase since 2003, due to a huge reduction in treatments in Germany. European data on intrauterine insemination using husband/partner’s semen (IUI-H) and donor semen (IUI-D) were reported from 20 countries. A total of 115 980 cycles (IUI-H, 98 388; IUI-D, 17 592) were included.
RESULTS: In 14 countries where all clinics reported to the IVF register, a total of 248 937 ART cycles were performed in a population of 261.6 million, corresponding to 1095 cycles per million inhabitants. For IVF, the clinical pregnancy rates per aspiration and per transfer were 26.6% and 30.1%, respectively. For ICSI, the corresponding rates were 27.1% and 29.8%. After IUI-H, the clinical pregnancy rate was 12.6% in women below 40. After IVF and ICSI, the distribution of transfer of 1, 2, 3 and 4 or more embryos was 19.2%, 55.3%, 22.1% and 3.3%, respectively. Compared with 2003, fewer embryos were transferred, but huge differences still existed between countries. The distribution of singleton, twin and triplet deliveries after IVF and ICSI combined was 77.2%, 21.7% and 1.0%, respectively. This gives a total multiple delivery rate of 22.7% compared with 23.1% in 2003 and 24.5% in 2002. After IUI-H in women below 40 years of age, 11.9% were twin and 1.3% triplet gestations.
CONCLUSIONS: Compared with earlier years, the reported number of ART cycles in Europe increased and the pregnancy rates increased marginally, even though fewer embryos were transferred and the multiple delivery rates were reduced.
Key words: European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology/IVF/ICSI/intrauterine insemination/register data
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Introduction |
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This report is the eighth annual European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) publication on European data on assisted reproduction technology (ART). The seven previous reports, also published in Human Reproduction (ESHRE, 2001a
,b, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007), covered treatment cycles from 1997 to 2003.
Data have been collected from 29 European countries on ART covering IVF, ICSI, frozen embryo replacement (FERs), egg donation (EDs), in vitro maturation (IVM) and pooled data on preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and screening (PGS) during 2004. Data on intrauterine inseminations using husband/partner’s semen (IUI-H; 19 countries) and donor semen (IUI-D; 15 countries) were also included. According to the International Committee for Monitoring ART-World Health Organization (ICMART-WHO) definitions (World Health Organization, 2002; Zegers-Hochschild 2006a,b) IUI-H and IUI-D should not be classified as ART. However, the European IVF Monitoring (EIM) Consortium has decided to continue to include the IUI activity in the annual reports. The reasons for this are that IUI is common, contributes to fertility-related births and predisposes to risks such as multiple pregnancy. They also involve the use of donor gametes. Finally, accreditation of all clinics according to the new European Union Tissue and Cell Directive includes all clinics that perform IUI (Directive, 2004).
The annual meeting with the EIM Consortium was held at the ESHRE meeting in Lyon in July 2007 with representatives from the participating countries. The present and future reporting systems were discussed. The Czech Republic and Croatia were unable to provide data for 2004, but Albania and Turkey joined the consortium and provided data. The Turkish data available are collected by the organization of private IVF centres and covered 4 out of 78 clinics. However, the Turkish Ministry of Health also has a register, and this may for the coming years contribute to the EIM programme. The consortium stressed that efforts should be made to have better coverage in the Balkan and Eastern European countries. To that end an ESHRE–EIM workshop was held in Sofia during September 2007.
The consortium noted that the quality of data continues to vary between countries. In some large southern European countries, there was scope for improvement in terms of the proportion of clinics providing data: Spain (84/182, 46%), Greece (16/49, 33%) and Italy (133/218, 61%). In Italy, a mandatory national data collection programme is now established, and both Spain and Greece will follow soon.
In 2004, data collection systems, coverage, definitions and validation still differed between countries. However, since the ESHRE Consortium meeting in Madrid 2003, it was decided that in the coming years the EIM Consortium members should continue to adapt to the definitions listed by the ICMART as originally published in the WHO report (World Health Organization, 2002), and now in Human Reproduction (Zegers-Hochschild et al., 2006a) and Fertility and Sterility (Zegers-Hochschild et al., 2006b).
The Consortium decided to continue to present annual reports and to try to improve the quality of the reports.
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Materials and Methods |
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Data collection
The present report summarizes data from ART treatments, including IVF, ICSI, ED, FER, PGD/PGS, IVM and IUI-H and IUI-D started between the 1st of January 2004 and the 31st of December 2004. Follow-up data on pregnancies and deliveries are cohort data. For IUI only pregnancies, and not deliveries, were recorded. The number of clinics reporting IUI data may differ from the number of clinics presenting data on the in vitro techniques.
As it is evident from the tables, registers from a number of countries have been unable to provide some of the data.
The reporting principle used for 2004 data is basically similar to the preceding years (ESHRE, 2001a,b, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007).
As the data presented here are incomplete and generated through different methods using different definitions in different countries, interpretation of the data must be done with some caution.
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Results |
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Number of treatment cycles
Table I shows the number of all treatment cycles recorded in each country, the number of clinics in the country and the number of clinics reporting to the register. The cycles are subdivided into treatment modalities such as IVF, ICSI, FER, ED, IVM and PDG/PGS. In Austria, Belgium, Germany, Iceland, Lithuania and Portugal, the number of oocyte recoveries was used, as the number of initiated cycles was not available. Totally, 785 clinics from 29 countries reported 367 066 cycles.
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The proportion of IVF (114 672) and ICSI (167 192) cycles was 40.7% IVF versus 59.3% ICSI. The proportion of FER cycles compared with 'fresh' cycles were 71 997/281 864 (25.5%).
Table II shows data from those 14 countries where all clinics have reported to the register. The number of cycles is related to the total population in the country as well as to the number of females of reproductive age (15–49 years). Additionally, the number of infants born after ART is expressed as a percentage of the total number of live-born in the country. Overall, 248 937 cycles were undertaken in a population of 261.6 million, giving a mean of 1095 cycles per million. On average, 4 cycles per 1000 women of reproductive age were done. The proportion of infants born after ART in the 14 countries ranged from 0.2% to 4.2%.
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Size of the clinics
Table III shows the size distribution of the 785 reporting clinics. The size of a clinic (or unit) is based on all cycles performed per year.
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The distribution of clinics according to the number of cycles varies considerably among the countries. Among the larger countries, it could be noted that in Italy 40% of the clinics provided fewer than 100 cycles annually, whereas in Belgium 44% of the clinics performed more than 1000 cycles a year.
To what extent these variations may influence results cannot be estimated from the present report.
Age distribution
Table IV shows the age distribution of those women treated with IVF or ICSI in various countries.
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Number of embryos transferred
Table V shows the number of embryos transferred after IVF and ICSI combined. The total number of single embryo transfers (SETs) was 43 219 (19.2%), dual embryo transfers (DETs) 124 797 (55.3%), triple embryo transfers 49 843 (22.1%) and four or more embryo transfers 7511 (3.3%). As indicated in this table, major differences were seen between countries. In 2004, several countries reported an increase of SETs. The highest levels were found in Finland (47%), Belgium (49%) and Sweden (67%). The proportion of triple embryo transfers was 0.1% in Sweden to 50% in Lithuania. Transfer of four or more embryos ranged from zero in several countries to 33.2% in Turkey.
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Pregnancies and deliveries after treatment
Tables VI–IX show the number of pregnancies and deliveries in relation to the number of initiated cycles, aspirations and transfers, for IVF (Table VI), ICSI (Table VIII), FER (Table VIII) and ED (Table IX).
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Table VI shows that after IVF, 27 845 pregnancies resulted from 104 739 aspirations and 92 355 embryo transfers. Thus, the mean clinical pregnancy rate was 26.6% per aspiration and 30.1% per embryo transfer.
Table VII shows that after ICSI, 42 040 pregnancies resulted from 154 857 aspirations and 141 276 transfers. Thus, the mean clinical pregnancy rate was 27.1% per aspiration and 29.8% per embryo transfer.
Table VIII shows that after FER, 12 275 pregnancies resulted from 64 147 transfers. Thus, the mean clinical pregnancy rate per embryo transfer after FER was 19.1%.
Table IX shows that after ED, 3707 clinical pregnancies resulted from 9296 embryo transfers, giving a clinical pregnancy rate per transfer of 39.8%.
In Tables VI, VII, VIII and IX, the delivery rates per embryo transfer have not been summarized due to incomplete or absence of follow-up of pregnancies in many countries.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis/screening
PGD/PGS activity was recorded from 12 countries, as indicated in Table I: totally it involved two thousand seven hundred and one cycles, 1691 aspirations, 1849 embryo transfers, 789 pregnancies (42.7% per transfer) and 331 deliveries.
In vitro maturation
IVM was recorded in five countries: Finland (96 cycles), Poland (2 cycles), Russia (34 cycles), Serbia and Montenegro (4 cycles) and Slovenia (34 cycles). The 170 cycles resulted in 17 (10%) pregnancies.
Singleton, twin, triplet and quadruplet deliveries
Table X shows the deliveries after IVF and ICSI in relation to singleton, twin and triplet deliveries. The distribution of the deliveries was: singleton 34 846 (77.2%), twin 9 790 (21.7%) and triplet 438 (1.0%).
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Table XI shows deliveries after FER in relation to singleton, twin and triplet deliveries. It is seen that the distribution of the deliveries was: singleton 6625 (84.8%), twin 1142 (14.6%) and triplet 36 (0.5%).
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Risks and fetal reductions
Table XII presents the incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) recorded from registers in 25 of the 29 countries. It is seen that 2858 cases of OHSS were recorded. The number of IVF and ICSI cycles in those 25 countries were 242 472, corresponding to a risk of OHSS of 1.2% of all stimulated cycles. Other complications are seen in the table.
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Table XII also gives data on the number of recorded fetal reductions. In total, 526 fetal reductions were recorded.
Intrauterine inseminations
Table XIII gives data on IUI-H divided in female age groups below 40 years (upper panel) and 40 years or more (lower panel). For France, no stratification for age was available, and the overall results are included in the group below 40 years of age.
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In women below 40 years of age, 94 100 treatments resulted in 11 866 pregnancies giving a pregnancy rate per procedure of 12.6%. In women at 40 years or above, the corresponding figures were 4288%, 350% and 8.2%.
In women below 40, singleton, twin and triplet pregnancies accounted for 86.6%, 11.9% and 1.3% of the pregnancies, respectively, whereas in women above 40 the corresponding figures were 89.3%, 10.4% and 0.3%.
Table XIV gives data on IUI-D divided in female age groups below 40 years (upper panel) and 40 years or more (lower panel). For France, no stratification for age was available, and the overall results are included in the group below 40 years of age.
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In women below 40 years of age, 15 882 treatments resulted in 2965 pregnancies giving a pregnancy rate per insemination of 18.7%. In women at 40 years or above, the corresponding figures were 1710%, 143% and 8.4%.
In women below 40, singleton, twin and triplet pregnancies accounted for 88.0%, 11.1% and 0.8% of the pregnancies, respectively, whereas in women above 40, the corresponding figures were 91.4%, 7.1% and 1.4%.
Cumulative delivery rates
Table XV gives an estimation of the cumulative delivery rates per initiated fresh stimulated cycle. This is not the real cumulative delivery rate per couple, but shows the number of deliveries obtained from the FER cycles added to the deliveries from the stimulated cycles during the same year. Additionally, the table shows the rate of multiple deliveries after FER and stimulated cycles combined.
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Comments
The present report is the eighth consecutive, annual European report on ART data. Together, these reports cover treatment cycles from 1997 to 2004. It can be argued that as long as data are incomplete, generated through different methods of data collection and still using partly different definitions, the data should not be summarized, as it occurs in this report. Therefore, the focus should primarily be on specific country data rather than on summary data.
In 2004, the number of countries reporting to ESHRE’s EIM Consortium increased to 29 countries covering the whole of Western Europe. In Eastern and South Eastern Europe, no data were available from countries such as Bosnia, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Romania and Slovakia.
Compared with 2003, the number of cycles in Germany showed a dramatic fall from 102 426 to only 56 813. This occurred following a more restrictive re-imbursement policy, introduced in January 2004, providing strong evidence that the re-imbursement policy for ART has a major impact on the accessibility and use of these treatments. Data from the German register (www.deutsches-ivf-register.de) include 2005, and show that this decline was not reversible, as the number of ART treatments remained much lower in 2005 than in 2002 and 2003.
Despite the declining activity in Germany, the number of reported cycles reached 367 066 in 2004, marginally more than the 365 103 cycles recorded in 2003. Additionally, the present report includes 116 000 IUI cycles.
Within Europe, the largest number of cycles from a single country were reported from France (70 000), Germany (57 000), Spain (41 000) and the UK (40 000). In comparison, the American Society for Reproductive Medicine/Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology registry reported close to 128 000 cycles from the USA in 2004 (Wright et al., 2007).
We still do not have a complete European set of data, as the present report only includes around 70% of all centres in the reporting countries. However, we believe that those clinics that do not report are likely to be smaller in size than those that do report. In southern Europe, a number of countries still in 2004 had a low coverage among the clinics (Greece 33%; Spain 46% and Italy 61%). In Italy, reporting became mandatory in 2004, but this was not fully implemented. In Greece, a statutory IVF register is going to be established, and the number of reporting clinics from Spain is growing.
The average number of treatment cycles per million inhabitants was 1095 with a range from 80 in Latvia to 2128 in Denmark (Table II). Another way to define the availability of ART is that four treatment cycles were done per 1000 women of reproductive age (15–49 years).
The proportion of ICSI versus standard IVF procedures continues to increase (49% in 2001; 52% in 2002; 55% in 2003 and 59% in 2004). A similar increase has been observed in the USA where the percentage of ICSI cycles reached 57.5% in 2004 (Jain and Gupta, 2007). Interestingly, the percentage of diagnosis of infertility attributed to male-factor conditions remained stable in the USA, but a high use of ICSI was related to states with insurance coverage. Also in Europe, there is a marked variation between countries. The possible explanations for the increased use of ICSI and the variability between countries should be further analysed.
The number of embryos transferred in IVF and ICSI cycles differed substantially between countries, also in this report, but there is a clear trend during the years of observation towards transfers with fewer embryos. The mean percentage of SETs increased from 12.0% in 2001 to 13.7% in 2002, to 15.7% in 2003 and to 19.1% in 2004. The proportion of DETs has been stable during the last 3 years, but the proportion of three (22.1%) and four (3.3%) embryo transfers continued to decrease in 2004. In conclusion, the reduction in the number of embryos transferred continued in 2004.
This report is unable to define the number of elective SET (eSET) versus SET, but the rise in the number of transfers of one embryo is undoubtedly due to a rise in eSET. As seen in Table V, there were six countries that reported transfer of a single embryo in more than 25% of all transfers. The highest rates were in Finland (47%), Belgium (49%) and Sweden (67%).
The consistent trend towards transfer of fewer embryos is also reflected in the overall occurrence of multiple deliveries after IVF and ICSI. In 2000, the average multiple delivery rate was 26.9%, declining to 25.5% in 2001, to 24.5% in 2002, to 23.1% in 2003 and to 22.7% in 2004. During the 8 year period of EIM reporting the most remarkable finding regarding multiples has been the reduction in triplet deliveries from 3.6% in 1997, to 2.3% in 1998, 2.3% in 1999, 1.9% in 2000, 1.5% in 2001, 1.3% in 2002, 1.1% in 2003 and 1.0% in 2004. Still, however, huge differences in triplet rates exist between countries.
When analysing the range of multiple delivery rates in different countries, the number of fetal reductions should also be considered. A total of 526 procedures were reported, the largest numbers coming from France (106), the UK (92), Greece (84) and Spain (83). For 2004, the German data were not available. Without this intervention, the proportion of triplet deliveries would certainly have been higher, considering that a number of countries did not report on fetal reductions, and the fact that the number reported is higher than the number of recorded triplet deliveries that was 438 after IVF/ICSI and 36 after FER.
Pregnancy rates for IVF, ICSI and FER were marginally increased compared with 2003. For IVF, the mean pregnancy rate per transfer was 30.1% compared with 29.6% in 2003. For ICSI, the mean pregnancy rate was 29.8% compared with 28.7% in 2003. For FER, it was 19.1% compared with 18.6% in 2003. The figures from Europe remain lower than in the USA where 41.5% (fresh embryos) and 35.1% (FER transfers) of ART transfers resulted in a pregnancy (Wright et al., 2007). However, the multiple birth rates in the USA were also considerably higher at 34% after fresh transfers and 28% after FER transfers.
With a noticeable decline in the number of embryos transferred, the cumulative delivery rate per started cycle may be a most relevant end-point for ART. Table XV gives a calculation of cumulative delivery rates, but it should be stressed that this does not represent the true cumulative delivery rate per cycle and per couple, but only gives an estimation based on fresh and FER cycles done during the same year. In a steady-state situation, this calculation will give a rather good estimate of the true cumulative delivery rate. An example of expressing outcomes in this manner is data from Finland where the delivery rate per fresh cycle was 18.6%, the cumulative delivery rate after frozen replacement of embryos reached 29.5%, with an overall multiple delivery rate of 12.3%. For Sweden, the delivery rate increased from 21.1% to 26.3% per started cycle, with only 6.5% multiple deliveries. In the UK, the corresponding rates for live births were 22.2% and 25.7%, and the multiple delivery rates were 23.1%. In conclusion, the FER cycles add a considerable number of deliveries in some countries.
PGD/PGS activity was recorded from 12 countries, as indicated in Table I: totally it involved 2051 cycles, 1691 aspirations, 1849 embryo transfers, 789 pregnancies (42.7% per transfer) and 331 deliveries.
Altogether, 2051 cycles with PGD/PGS were reported, compared with 1956 in 2003. ESHRE has a specially focused and more comprehensive reporting on PGD by the sixth ESHRE PGD Consortium report, which included a total of 2984 cycles in 2003. The two reporting systems are different, as the PGD Consortium bases their reports on detailed data from individual clinics. A comparison indicates that the number of PGD cycles reported to the National registers, only include around two thirds of the total activity (Sermon et al., 2007).
Regarding direct risks of ART, OHSS was recorded in 1.2% of cycles, and during 2004 a total of four maternal deaths were recorded. We do not have data regarding the causes of these tragic events.
For the third consecutive year, the present report includes European data on treatments with IUI-H (98 388 cycles) and IUI-D (17 592 cycles). The coverage of IUI activities by the national registers is much less comprehensive than for the in vitro techniques. In women below 40 years of age, the pregnancy rate was 12.6% for IUI-H and 18.7% for IUI-D. In women at 40 years or above, the corresponding figures were 8.2% and 8.4%.
After IUI-H in women below 40 years of age, twin pregnancies occurred in 11.9% and triplet pregnancies in 1.3%. The data suggest that the twinning rates are only half of what is found with the in vitro techniques, but triplet rates are marginally higher.
In summary, the present eighth ESHRE report on ART for Europe in 2004 shows a continuing expansion of numbers of participating clinics, countries and treatment cycles reported. Pregnancy rates after IVF, ICSI and FER were all marginally increased compared with 2003, but fewer embryos were transferred and multiple delivery rates continued to decline accounting for 21.7% of all deliveries after IVF and ICSI. eSET had a considerable impact in Belgium, Finland and Sweden and several other countries transferred a single embryo in more than 25% of cycles. This transfer policy is now documented, on a national basis, to reduce multiple delivery rates after transfer of fresh embryos. The multiple delivery rates after IVF and ICSI were 5.6% in Sweden, 10.4% in Belgium and 13.3% in Finland. Twin gestations seem to be much less frequent after IUI-H and IUI-D compared with IVF and ICSI.
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Supplementary Data |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsSupplementary DataAppendixReferences |
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Supplementary data, listing all clinics providing data, are available at http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/.
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Appendix |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsSupplementary DataAppendixReferences |
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EIM Committee: Chairman, A. Nyboe Andersen; Chairman elect, J. de Mouzon; Past chairman K. G. Nygren; members, S. Bhattacharya, R. Felberbaum, A. P. Ferraretti. V. Goossens is scientific officer at ESHRE Central Office, Brussels. See below for contact persons representing the data collection programmes in the participating European countries and Supplementary data for contributing centres. Contact persons representing data collection programmes in participating European countries, 2004.
Albania
Prof. Orion Glozheni, University Hospital for Obsterics and Gynecology. Bul. B. Curri, Tirana, Albania. Tel.: +355 4 235 870; fax: +355 4 257 688; mobile: +355 68 20 29 313; e-mail: gliorion{at}icc-al.org.
Austria
Prof. Dr Heinz Strohmer, Kinderwunschzentrum Private Hospital Goldenes Kreuz, Lazarettg. 16–18, 1090 Wien, Austria. Tel.: +43 1 40 111 1400; fax: +43 1 40 111 1401; e-mail: heinz.strohmer{at}kinderwunschzentrum.at.
Belgium
Dr Michel Candeur—ULB, Politiques et systèmes de santé, 808, Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium. Tel.: +32 (0)2 555 40 90; mobile: +32 (0) 475 73 78 26; fax: +32 (0)2 555 40 49; e-mail: michel.candeur{at}ulb.ac.be.
Bulgaria
Prof. Stanimir Kyurkchiev, Inst. Biology & Immunology of Reproduction, Molecular Immunology, 73, Tzaritgradsko shosse, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria. Tel.: +359 (2) 723 890; fax: +359 (2) 720 925; e-mail: skyurchiev{at}mail.bg.
Denmark
Dr Karin Erb, Fertility Clinic, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark. Tel.: +45 65 41 23 24; fax: +45 65 90 69 82; e-mail: karin.erb{at}ouh.regionsyddanmark.dk.
Finland
Dr Aila Tiitinen, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Dept. of Ob/Gyn, PO Box 140, 00029 HUS-Helsinki, Finland. Tel.: +385 50 427 1217; fax: +385 9 4717 4801; e-mail: aila.tiitinen{at}hus.fi.
Dr Mika Gissler, STAKES National Reserach and Development Centre for Welfare and Health. Information Division, PO Box 220, 00531 Helsinki, Finland. Tel.: +385 9 3967 2279; fax: +385 9 3967 2485; e-mail: mika.gissler{at}stakes.fi.
France
Dr Jacques De Mouzon, INSERM U U569, 82, Rue Général Leclerc, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France. Tel.: +33 1 4521 2338; mobile: +33 6 62 06 22 74; fax: +33 1 4521 2075; e-mail: demouzon{at}vjf.inserm.fr.
Dr Ylana Chalem, Agence de la Biomédecine, 1 Av du stade de France. Tel.: +33 1 55 93 69 24; e-mail: ylana.chalem{at}biomedecine.fr.
Germany
Prof. Dr Ricardo Felberbaum, Klinikum Kempten Oberallgäu gGmbH, Dept. of OB/Gyn, Robert weixler Strasse 50, 87439 Kempten, Germany. Tel.: +49 831 530 3393; fax: +49 831 530 3457; e-mail: ricardo.felberbaum{at}klinikum-kempten.de.
Greece
Prof. Dr Basil Tarlatzis, Geniki Kliniki, Infertility and IVF Centre, 2 Gravias Street, 54645 Thessaloniki, Greece. Tel.: +30 231 08 66 477 and 08 21 681; mobile: +30 694 431 53 45; fax: +30 231 08 21 420; e-mail: tarlatzis{at}hol.gr.
Hungary
Prof. Dr Janos Urbancsek, Semmelweis University, 1st Dept. of Ob/Gyn, Baross utca 27, 1088 Budapest, Hungary. Tel.: +36 1 266 01 15; fax: +36 1 266 01 15; e-mail: urbjan{at}noi1.sote.hu.
Iceland
Mr H. Bjorgvinsson, Art Medica, IVF Unit, Baejarlind 12, 201 Kopavogur, Iceland. Tel.: +354 560 11 55; fax: +354 560 14 82; e-mail: hilmar{at}artmedica.is.
Ireland
Dr Edgar Mocanu, HARI Unit, Rotunda Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland. Tel.: +35 31 8072 732; fax: +35 31 8727 831; e-mail: emocanu{at}rcsi.ie.
Italy
Dr Guilia Scaravelli, Registro Nazionale della Procreazione Medicalmente Assistita, CNESPS, Instituto Superiore de Sanita, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Roma. Tel.: +39 49904317; fax: +39 49904324; e-mail: guilia.scaravelli{at}iss.it.
Latvia
Dr Voldemars Lejins, EGV Clinic, Dept. of IVF, Gertrudes Str. 3, LV 1010 Riga. Tel.: +371 7 27 81 83; fax: +371 7 31 64 67; e-mail: egv{at}apollo.lv.
Lithuania
Dr Zivile Gudleviciene, Fertility Centre, IVF Laboratory, Mairono 25, 01125 Vilnius, Lithuania. Tel.: +37 052614226; fax: +37 052614226; e-mail: zivile.g.udleviciene{at}gmail.com.
Macedonia
Dr Slobodan Lazarevski, SHOG ‘Mala Bogorodica’, Londonska 19, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia. Tel.: +389 2 30 73 335; mobile: +389 70 246 089; fax: +389 2 30 73 398; e-mail: dr.lazarevski{at}mbogorodica.com.mk.
The Netherlands
Prof. Dr Jan A.M. Kremer, University Hospital (St Radboud), Dept. of Ob/Gyn, Geert Grooteplein 10, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31 24 361 47 48; fax: +31 24 354 11 94; e-mail: j.kremer{at}obgyn.umcn.nl.
Norway
Dr Johan T. Hazekamp, Volvat Medisinske Senter, A.S., PO Box 5280 Majorstua, 0303 Oslo, Norway. Tel.: +47 22 95 75 00; fax: +47 22 93 24 02; e-mail: johan.hazekamp{at}volvat.no.
Poland
Mr Waldemar Kuczynski, Medical Akademy I, Dept. of Ob/Gyn, Sklodowska 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland. Tel.: +48 502 273 923; fax: +48 85 744 13 78; e-mail: kuczynsk{at}pb.bialystok.pl.
Portugal
Prof. Dr Carlos Calhaz-Jorge, Human Reproduction Unit, Dept of Ob/Gyn, Hosp. de Santa Maria, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal. Tel.: +351 21 72 64 229; fax: +351 21 78 05 621; e-mail: calhazjorge{at}mail.telepac.pt.
Russia
Dr Vladislav Korsak, International Center for Reproductive Medicine, Head of IVF Centre, Mendeleyevskay Liniya 3, Vasilievsky Island, 199034 St-Petersburg, Russia C.I.S. Tel.: +7 812 328 2251; fax: +7 812 328 22 51; e-mail: korsak{at}mcrm.ru.
Serbia and Montenegro
Prof. Nebosja Radunovic, Institute for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Visegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade. Tel.: +38 163200204; fax: +38 1113615603; e-mail: radunn01{at}med.nyu.edu.
Slovenia
Dr Tomaz Tomazevic, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Obstetrics Ginecology Reproduction, Slajmerjeva 3, 61000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Tel.: +386 1 522 60 60; fax: +386 1 439 75 90; e-mail: tomaz.tomazevic{at}guest.arnes.si.
Spain
Dr Juana Hernandez Hernandez, Hospital San Millan, Servicio de Ginecologia y Obstetricia, Avda. Autonoma de la Rioja 3, 26001 Logrono, Spain. Tel.: +34 94 12 94 500; fax: +34 94 12 94 515; e-mail: jhernandezh{at}telefonica.net.
Sweden
Dr Per-Olof Karlstrom, Akademiska Hospital, Dept. of Ob/Gyn, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden. Tel.: +46 611 2838; fax: +46 211 31611; e-mail: pok.red{at}swipnet.se.
Switzerland
Ms Maya Weder, Administration FIVNAT, Postfach 89, 3122 Kehrsatz, Switzerland. Tel.: +41 (0) 31 819 76 02; fax +41 (0) 31 819 89 20; e-mail: administration.sgrm{at}bluewin.ch.
Turkey
Dr Mete Isikoglu, Ozel Antalya Tup Bebek Merkezi, Antalya IVF Center, Tup Bebek, Halide Edip cad. No: 7, 07080 Antalya, Turkey. Tel.: +90 242 3454700; fax: +90 242 3454700; e-mail: misikoglu{at}gmail.com.
Ukraine
Dr Viktor Veselovsky, Isida IVF Clinic Gynaecology Dept. Lepse 6, 03126 Kyiv, Ukraine. Tel.: +380 44 25 12 101; fax: +380 44 25 12 108; e-mail: vessel{at}ihome.net.ua.
UK
Dr Richard Baranowski, Business Analyst, Deputy Information Manager, Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA), 21 Bloomsbury Street, London WC1B 3HF, UK. Tel.: +44 (0) 20 7291 8313; fax: +44 (0) 20 7291 8201; e-mail: richard.baranowski{at}hfea.gov.uk.
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Submitted on December 4, 2007; accepted on December 28, 2007.
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