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Hum. Reprod. Advance Access originally published online on June 24, 2005
Human Reproduction 2005 20(10):2801-2813; doi:10.1093/humrep/dei148
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org

Andrology

Chronic chromium exposure-induced changes in testicular histoarchitecture are associated with oxidative stress: study in a non-human primate (Macaca radiata Geoffroy)

M. Michael Aruldhas1,5, S. Subramanian1,4, P. Sekar1, G. Vengatesh1, Gowri Chandrahasan2, P. Govindarajulu1 and M.A. Akbarsha3

1 Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600113, 2 Department of Biochemistry, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai 600025 and 3 Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India.4 Present address: Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, USA.

5 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: aruldhasmm{at}yahoo.com

BACKGROUND: Reproductive toxicity of chromium is in dispute despite positive findings in rodents. Recently we reported epididymal toxicity of hexavalent chromium (CrVI) in bonnet monkeys and in this paper we report its testicular toxicity. METHODS: Adult monkeys (Macaca radiata) were given drinking water containing CrVI (100, 200, 400 p.p.m.) for 6 months and testes were removed for ultrastructural and biochemical analyses. RESULTS: CrVI treatment disrupted spermatogenesis, leading to accumulation of prematurely released spermatocytes, spermatids and uni- and multinucleate giant cells in the lumen of seminiferous tubules. Transmission electron microscopy revealed granulation of chromatin and vacuolation between acrosomal cap and manchette microtubules of elongated spermatids and in the Golgi area of round spermatids. Pachytene spermatocytes had fragmented chromatin and swollen mitochondria with collapsed cristae. Spermatocytes and spermatogonia in the basal compartment were unaffected. Macrophages containing phagocytosed sperm and dense inclusions in Sertoli cells were seen. Specific activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and concentrations of the non-enzymatic antioxidants glutathione, vitamins A, C and E decreased, while concentrations of H2O2 and hydroxyl radicals increased in the testis of chromium-treated monkeys. Withdrawal of chromium treatment for 6 months normalized spermatogenesis and the status of pro- and antioxidants in the testis. CONCLUSIONS: CrVI disrupts spermatogenesis by inducing free radical toxicity, and supplementation of antioxidant vitamins may be beneficial to the affected subjects.

Key words: chromium/multinucleate spermatids/oxidative stress/testicular toxicity/testis ultrastructure


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