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Hum. Reprod. Advance Access published online on December 9, 2004
Human Reproduction, doi:10.1093/humrep/deh656
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Human Reproduction © European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology 2004; all rights reserved
Received May 6, 2004
Revised August 2, 2004
Accepted November 3, 2004

Article

Phthalate exposure and reproductive hormones in adult men

Susan M. Duty 1, Antonia M. Calafat 2, Manori J. Silva 2, Louise Ryan 3, and Russ Hauser 4*

1 Environmental Health Department, Occupational Health Program, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Nursing, School for Health Studies, Simmons College, Boston, MA 02115, USA
2 National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
3 Biostatistics Department, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Biostatistical Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
4 Environmental Health Department, Occupational Health Program, Boston, MA 02115; Vincent Memorial Obstetrics & Gynecology Service, Andrology Laboratory and In Vitro Fertilization Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA


  Abstract

BACKGROUND: Phthalates are used in personal and consumer products, food packaging materials, and polyvinyl chloride plastics and have been measured in the majority of the general population of the USA. Consistent experimental evidence shows that some phthalates are developmental and reproductive toxicants in animals. This study explored the association between environmental levels of phthalates and altered reproductive hormone levels in adult men. METHODS: Between 1999 and 2003, 295 men were recruited from Massachusetts General Hospital. Selected phthalate metabolites were measured in urine. Linear regression models explored the relationship between specific gravity-adjusted urinary phthalate monoester concentrations and serum levels of reproductive hormones, including FSH, LH, sex hormone-binding globulin, testosterone, and inhibin B. RESULTS: An interquartile range (IQR) change in monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) exposure was significantly associated with a 10% [95% confidence interval (CI): -16, -4.0] decrease in FSH concentration. Additionally, an IQR change in monobutyl phthalate (MBP) exposure was associated with a 4.8% (95% CI: 0, 10) increase in inhibin B but this was of borderline significance. CONCLUSIONS: Although we found associations between MBP and MBzP urinary concentrations and altered levels of inhibin B and FSH, the hormone concentrations did not change in the expected patterns. Therefore, it is unclear whether these associations represent physiologically relevant alterations in these hormones, or whether they represent associations found as a result of conducting multiple comparisons.

Keywords: environmental; epidemiology; hormones; human; phthalates.
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