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Hum. Reprod. Advance Access published online on January 21, 2005
Human Reproduction, doi:10.1093/humrep/deh725
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Human Reproduction © European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology 2005; all rights reserved
Received June 14, 2004
Revised November 11, 2004
Accepted December 7, 2004

Article

Antioxidant intake is associated with semen quality in healthy men

B. Eskenazi 1*, S.A. Kidd 1, A.R. Marks 1, E. Sloter 2, G. Block 1, and A.J. Wyrobek 3

1 140 Earl Warren Hall, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
2 Biology and Biotechnology Research Program, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-448, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; Genetics and Developmental Biology Program, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
3 Biology and Biotechnology Research Program, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-448, Livermore, CA 94550, USA and

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
B. Eskenazi, E-mail: eskenazi{at}berkeley.edu


  Abstract

BACKGROUND: We seek to determine whether dietary and supplement intake of specific micronutrients (zinc and folate) and antioxidants (vitamins C, E and {beta}-carotene) is associated with semen quality. METHODS: Ninety-seven healthy, non-smoking men provided semen and were interviewed. Average daily nutrient intake from food and supplements was derived from a self-administered food frequency questionnaire. Intake levels were summarized as low, moderate and high. Semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, motility, progressive motility and total progressively motile sperm count (TPMS) were measured. RESULTS: After controlling for covariates, a high intake of antioxidants was associated with better semen quality but, in almost all cases, there was no clear dose relationship in that moderate intake groups had the poorest semen quality. For example, positive associations were observed between vitamin C intake and sperm number as reflected in the higher mean count (P=0.04), concentration (P=0.05) and TPMS (P=0.09); between vitamin E intake and progressive motility (P=0.04) and TPMS (P=0.05); and between {beta}-carotene intake and sperm concentration (P=0.06) and progressive motility (P=0.06). Folate and zinc intake were not associated with improved semen quality. CONCLUSIONS: In a convenience sample of healthy non-smoking men from a non-clinical setting, higher antioxidant intake was associated with higher sperm numbers and motility.

Keywords: age; antioxidants; diet; semen quality; sperm.
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