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Hum. Reprod. Advance Access published online on February 10, 2005
Human Reproduction, doi:10.1093/humrep/deh798
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org
Received September 24, 2004
Revised December 17, 2004
Accepted January 19, 2005

Article

Identification and evaluation of a novel sperm protamine abnormality in a population of infertile males

Vincent W. Aoki 1, Lihua Liu 2, and Douglas T. Carrell 3*

1 Andrology and IVF Laboratories, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
2 Andrology and IVF Laboratories, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
3 Andrology and IVF Laboratories, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Douglas T. Carrell, E-mail: dcarrell{at}med.utah.edu


  Abstract

BACKGROUND: A significant relationship exists between an abnormally high sperm protamine-1 (P1)/protamine-2 (P2) ratio and male infertility. In this study we investigate whether a decreased P1/P2 ratio is also linked to male infertility and we attempt to describe, at the protein expression level, the underlying cause of sperm P1/P2 deregulation. METHODS: P1 and P2 protein concentrations were quantified in sperm from 272 infertility patients and 87 fertile donors. P1/P2 ratios and protamine quantity were correlated with fertility status using semen analysis, sperm penetration capacity, and IVF data. RESULTS: We identified four distinct groups in the study: normal P1/P2 fertile donors, normal P1/P2 patients, low P1/P2 patients, and high P1/P2 patients. P1 and P2 were both under-expressed in patients with a normal P1/P2 ratio, but not in fertile donors. In patients with a low P1/P2 ratio, P1 was under-expressed while P2 was over-expressed; in patients with a high P1/P2 ratio, P1 was normally expressed and P2 was under-expressed. Patients with abnormal P1/P2 ratios displayed significantly reduced semen quality and sperm penetration ability. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified a novel population of infertile males with a reduced P1/P2 ratio. Aberrant P1/P2 ratios arise from an abnormal concentration of P1 and/or P2, either of which is associated with male infertility.

Keywords: expression; IVF; human sperm; protamine; semen quality.
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