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Hum. Reprod. Advance Access published online on July 15, 2005
Human Reproduction, doi:10.1093/humrep/dei183
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved.
Received February 18, 2005
Revised June 1, 2005
Accepted June 9, 2005

Article

Endometrial expression of immunomodulatory cytokines and their regulators during early pregnancy in bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata)

Gracy X. Rosario 1, Geetanjali Sachdeva 1*, Dhananjay D. Manjramkar 2, Deepak N. Modi 1, Pervin K. Meherji 3, and Chander P. Puri 1

1 Primate Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai-400012, Maharashtra, India
2 Experimental Animal Facility, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai-400012, Maharashtra, India
3 Infertility Clinic, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai-400012, Maharashtra, India

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Geetanjali Sachdeva, E-mail: ritugeet{at}vsnl.net


  Abstract

BACKGROUND: It is well established that endometrium undergoes extensive histological changes during implantation and subsequent stages of pregnancy in rodents as well as primates. Our previous investigation using a nonhuman primate model has demonstrated that morphological alterations are initiated even before the embryo invades the endometrium. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the embryo-induced morphological changes are accompanied by any alteration in the protein levels of the immunomodulatory cytokines and their regulators in the preimplantation stage endometrium. METHODS: The endometrial expression of immunosuppressive factors such as transforming growth factor {beta}2 (TGF{beta}2), glycodelin (PP14), leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were analysed on day 6 post-ovulation in pregnant and non-pregnant bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata) using immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS: The endometrial expression of TGF{beta}2, TGF{beta}2 receptor, PP14 and IL-6 were significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05) in pregnant animals as compared to non-pregnant animals, whereas the expression of LIF and its receptor remained unaltered in pregnant animals. CONCLUSIONS: Expression levels of some immunomodulatory cytokines in endometrium are significantly increased even before the embryo invades the endometrium. The altered cytokine expression profile in endometrium probably contributes towards generating a conducive environment for the embryo survival, growth and development in the uterus.

Keywords: bonnet monkeys/early pregnancy/endometrium/glycodelin/immunomodulation.
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