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Hum. Reprod. Advance Access published online on December 16, 2005
Human Reproduction, doi:10.1093/humrep/dei433
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received October 7, 2005
Revised November 11, 2005
Accepted November 21, 2005

Article

Cryptorchidism in LhrKO animals and the effect of testosterone-replacement therapy

F.P. Yuan 1, D.X. Lin 1, C.V. Rao 2 *, and Z.M. Lei 2 *

1 Division of Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women’s Health, University of Louisville, Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, USA; Present address: Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiao Tong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 35004, China
2 Division of Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women’s Health, University of Louisville, Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
C.V. Rao, E-mail: cvrao001{at}louisville.edu
Z.M. Lei, E-mail: zhenmin.lei{at}louisville.edu


  Abstract

BACKGROUND: The objective of the current study was to characterize the morphological and genetic basis of cryptorchidism. METHODS AND RESULTS: We investigated cryptorchidism in LH receptor (Lhr) knockout (LhrKO) mice and how testosterone-replacement therapy (TRT) worked to correct the phenotype. The results revealed that while gubernacular development was indistinguishable between Lhr-null and wild-type animals until 7 days of age, it was subsequently severely impaired in null animals. This was due to a reduction in mesenchymal cell division, differentiation into cremaster muscle cells and their delayed maturation. While transcript levels of Hoxa10, Hoxa11, Desrt and Dll1 were indistinguishable, the levels of Notch1, Numb and Lgr8 in the gubernaculum and Insl3 in the testes were lower in Lhr-null than in wild-type siblings. The TRT, which completed testicular descent into the scrotum, corrected the morphological changes and the expression of Lgr8, Numb and Notch, but not Insl3, to wild-type levels. Transection of the genitofemoral nerve did not prevent the TRT effect. CONCLUSION: In summary, cryptorchidism in Lhr-null animals was caused by defects in the gubernacular development due to testosterone deficiency. TRT reversed all the morphological and gene expression changes except Insl3, suggesting that testosterone, not INSL3, secreted by Leydig cells, facilitates the completion of testicular descent.

Keywords: cryptorchidism/gene expression/gubernaculum/LhrKO/testosterone therapy.
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