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Hum. Reprod. Advance Access published online on January 25, 2006
Human Reproduction, doi:10.1093/humrep/dei476
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received October 26, 2005
Revised December 1, 2005
Accepted December 6, 2005

Article

Endometrial chemokines, uterine natural killer cells and mast cells in long-term users of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system

Alessandra Peloggia 1, Carlos A. Petta 1 *, Luis Bahamondes 1, Marilia Oliveira-Ribeiro 1, Jin Zhang 2, and Lois Salamonsen 2

1 Human Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
2 Prince Henry’s Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Carlos A. Petta, E-mail: cpetta{at}attglobal.net


  Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess endometrial chemokines in users of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauter-ine system (LNG-IUS) and correlate them with leucocyte populations, uterine natural killer cells (uNK) and mast cells (MCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Endometrium was obtained from two groups of women who had been using LNG-IUS for 3 years or more: 11 amenorrhoeic women formed the non-bleeding group and 15 women who maintained some form of cyclic bleeding comprised the bleeding group. Specific antibodies were used for the assessment of neutrophils, uNK cells and MCs. Immunohistochemistry was performed to locate the chemokines 6Ckine and interleukin-8 (IL-8). RESULTS: Neutrophils were few and without differences between the two groups. uNK cells were significantly higher in the bleeding group (P < 0.0001). There was no difference between the total number of MCs and activated MCs, but there was a greater extracellular area stained for MC tryptase (P < 0.05). Chemokines 6CKine and IL-8 were abundant in the stroma and in the epithelium, and there was no difference between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: We observed more uNK cells in users with bleeding and a greater extracellular area stained for MC tryptase, although there were no differences between the number of MCs and activated MCs or the chemokines 6CKine and IL-8. uNK cells and MC products may play a role in provoking breakthrough bleeding in long-term users of the LNG-IUS.

Keywords: chemokines/leucocytes/LNG-IUS/mast cells.
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