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Hum. Reprod. Advance Access published online on September 1, 2006
Human Reproduction, doi:10.1093/humrep/del038
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org The online version of this article has been published under an open access model. Users are entitled to use, reproduce, disseminate, or display the open access version of this article for non-commercial purposes provided that: the original authorship is properly and fully attributed; the Journal and Oxford University Press are attributed as the original place of publication with the correct citation details given; if an article is subsequently reproduced or disseminated not in its entirety but only in part or as a derivative work this must be clearly indicated. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received October 21, 2005
Revised January 4, 2006
Accepted January 23, 2006

Article

Amino acid, ammonia and urea concentrations in human pre-ovulatory ovarian follicular fluid

Marcin Józwik 1 *, Maciej Józwik 1, Cecilia Teng 2, and Frederick C. Battaglia 2

1 Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
2 Division of Perinatal Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Marcin Józwik, E-mail: jozwik{at}obgyn.edu.pl


  Abstract

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine amino acid (AA), ammonia and urea concentrations in human ovarian follicular fluid and to compare these concentrations with those in the circulation. METHODS: Samples of pre-ovulatory follicular fluid and peripheral venous blood were obtained from 14 IVF patients. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurements of 25 AAs were the main outcome measures. RESULTS: There was a significant gradient of most AAs from plasma to follicular fluid, with the exception of glutamate, which demonstrated a three-fold increase in follicular fluid concentration (70.0 ± 3.80 µM) compared with plasma (23.18 ± 2.20 µM; P < 0.001). The plasma-to-follicular fluid concentration difference for glutamine (81.83 ± 9.2 µM) was greatest among all AAs. Among essential AAs, this difference was greatest for the branched-chain AAs, isoleucine, leucine and valine. Ammonia concentrations in follicular fluid and blood were 38.87 ± 2.23 and 22.11 ± 1.96 µM, respectively (P < 0.001). Urea concentration in follicular fluid was 3.37 ± 0.18 mM, a value not significantly different from plasma concentration (3.36 ± 0.22 mM; P = 0.911). CONCLUSIONS: These plasma-follicular fluid differences may reflect both the utilization of AAs and the transport characteristics of the follicular cells. There is accumulation of glutamate and ammonia in pre-ovulatory follicular fluid. The data for urea are consistent with transport by passive diffusion, with no evidence of an active urea cycle in the cells of the follicle.

Keywords: amino acids/ammonia/human pre-ovulatory follicular fluid/IVF patients/urea.
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