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Hum. Reprod. Advance Access published online on March 3, 2006
Human Reproduction, doi:10.1093/humrep/del047
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press. on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org The online version of this article has been published under an open access model. Users are entitled to use, reproduce, disseminate, or display the open access version of this article for non-commercial purposes provided that: the original authorship is properly and fully attributed; the Journal and Oxford University Press are attributed as the original place of publication with the correct citation details given; if an article is subsequently reproduced or disseminated not in its entirety but only in part or as a derivative work this must be clearly indicated. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oupjournals.org
Received November 24, 2005
Revised January 14, 2006
Accepted January 20, 2006

Article

Maternal lead exposure and the secondary sex ratio

John F.Jarrell 1 *, Marc G.Weisskopf 2, Jennifer Weuve 2, Maria Martha Téllez-Rojo 3, Howard Hu 4, and Mauricio Hernández-Avila 3

1 Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
2 Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
3 Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Mexico City, Mexico
4 Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
John F.Jarrell, E-mail: john.jarrell{at}calgaryhealthregion.ca


  Abstract

BACKGROUND: A reduction in the secondary sex ratio may be associated with exposure to environmental toxicants. Little data exists relating this outcome to lead exposure, a well-known reproductive toxicant. METHODS: We studied 1980 women having singleton births from 1994 to 1995 and from 1997 to 2001 who participated in a cohort study of lead exposure and infant outcomes in Mexico City. Levels of lead were measured in maternal and cord blood using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, and levels of lead in maternal patella and tibia bone (a reflection of cumulative exposure) were measured using noninvasive K-X-ray fluorescence measurements. Using logistic regression models, we evaluated the relations of these measures to secondary sex ratio in the offspring, adjusting for maternal age, parity and year of infants’ birth. RESULTS: We found no consistent association between any of the lead measures and secondary sex ratio. Results were unchanged when we adjusted for infants’ year of birth, maternal age and parity. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a large sample size and the use of sensitive biomarkers, we did not find evidence that maternal and fetal lead exposure is associated with a lower secondary sex ratio among newborns.

Keywords: bone lead/lead/lead measurements/pregnancy/secondary sex ratio.
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