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Hum. Reprod. Advance Access published online on April 6, 2006
Human Reproduction, doi:10.1093/humrep/del083
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received October 18, 2005
Revised February 23, 2006
Accepted March 1, 2006

Article

Predicting the outcome of pregnancies of unknown location: Bayesian networks with expert prior information compared to logistic regression

O. Gevaert 1 *, F. De Smet 2, E. Kirk 3, B. Van Calster 1, T. Bourne 3, S. Van Huffel 4, Y. Moreau 1, D. Timmerman 5, B. De Moor 1, and G. Condous 3

1 Department of Electrical Engineering ESAT-SCD, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven
2 Department of Electrical Engineering ESAT-SCD, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven; Medical Direction, National Alliance of Christian Mutualities, Haachtsesteenweg, Brussels, Belgium
3 Early Pregnancy, Gynecology Ultrasound and MAS Unit, St George’s Hospital Medical School, London, UK
4 Department of Electrical Engineering ESAT-SCD, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven; University Center for Statistics (UCS), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
O. Gevaert, E-mail: olivier.gevaert{at}esat.kuleuven.be


  Abstract

BACKGROUND: As women present at earlier gestations to early pregnancy units (EPUs), the number of women diagnosed with a pregnancy of unknown location (PUL) increases. Some of these women will have an ectopic pregnancy (EP), and it is this group in the PUL population that poses the greatest concern. The aim of this study was to develop Bayesian networks to predict EPs in the PUL population. METHODS: Data were gathered in a single EPU from all women with a PUL. This data set was divided into a model-building (599 women with 44 EPs) and a validation (257 women with 22 EPs) data set and consisted of the following variables: vaginal bleeding, fluid in the pouch of Douglas, midline echo, lower abdominal pain, age, endometrial thickness, gestation days, the ratio of HCG at 48 and 0 h, progesterone levels (0 and 48 h) and the clinical outcome of the PUL. We developed Bayesian networks with expert information using this data set to predict EPs. RESULTS: The best Bayesian network used the gestational age, HCG ratio and the progesterone level at 48 h and had an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.88 for predicting EPs when tested prospectively. CONCLUSIONS: Discrete-valued Bayesian networks are more complex to build than, for example, logistic regression. Nevertheless, we have demonstrated that such models can be used to predict EPs in a PUL population. Prospective interventional multicentre studies are needed to validate the use of such models in clinical practice.

Keywords: Bayesian networks/classification/ectopic pregnancy/pregnancy of unknown location/prior information.
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